"""
The Risch Algorithm for transcendental function integration.
The core algorithms for the Risch algorithm are here. The subproblem
algorithms are in the rde.py and prde.py files for the Risch
Differential Equation solver and the parametric problems solvers,
respectively. All important information concerning the differential extension
for an integrand is stored in a DifferentialExtension object, which in the code
is usually called DE. Throughout the code and Inside the DifferentialExtension
object, the conventions/attribute names are that the base domain is QQ and each
differential extension is x, t0, t1, ..., tn-1 = DE.t. DE.x is the variable of
integration (Dx == 1), DE.D is a list of the derivatives of
x, t1, t2, ..., tn-1 = t, DE.T is the list [x, t1, t2, ..., tn-1], DE.t is the
outer-most variable of the differential extension at the given level (the level
can be adjusted using DE.increment_level() and DE.decrement_level()),
k is the field C(x, t0, ..., tn-2), where C is the constant field. The
numerator of a fraction is denoted by a and the denominator by
d. If the fraction is named f, fa == numer(f) and fd == denom(f).
Fractions are returned as tuples (fa, fd). DE.d and DE.t are used to
represent the topmost derivation and extension variable, respectively.
The docstring of a function signifies whether an argument is in k[t], in
which case it will just return a Poly in t, or in k(t), in which case it
will return the fraction (fa, fd). Other variable names probably come
from the names used in Bronstein's book.
"""
from types import GeneratorType
from functools import reduce
from sympy.core.function import Lambda
from sympy.core.mul import Mul
from sympy.core.numbers import ilcm, I, oo
from sympy.core.power import Pow
from sympy.core.relational import Ne
from sympy.core.singleton import S
from sympy.core.sorting import ordered, default_sort_key
from sympy.core.symbol import Dummy, Symbol
from sympy.functions.elementary.exponential import log, exp
from sympy.functions.elementary.hyperbolic import (cosh, coth, sinh,
tanh)
from sympy.functions.elementary.piecewise import Piecewise
from sympy.functions.elementary.trigonometric import (atan, sin, cos,
tan, acot, cot, asin, acos)
from .integrals import integrate, Integral
from .heurisch import _symbols
from sympy.polys.polyerrors import DomainError, PolynomialError
from sympy.polys.polytools import (real_roots, cancel, Poly, gcd,
reduced)
from sympy.polys.rootoftools import RootSum
from sympy.utilities.iterables import numbered_symbols
def integer_powers(exprs):
"""
Rewrites a list of expressions as integer multiples of each other.
Explanation
===========
For example, if you have [x, x/2, x**2 + 1, 2*x/3], then you can rewrite
this as [(x/6) * 6, (x/6) * 3, (x**2 + 1) * 1, (x/6) * 4]. This is useful
in the Risch integration algorithm, where we must write exp(x) + exp(x/2)
as (exp(x/2))**2 + exp(x/2), but not as exp(x) + sqrt(exp(x)) (this is
because only the transcendental case is implemented and we therefore cannot
integrate algebraic extensions). The integer multiples returned by this
function for each term are the smallest possible (their content equals 1).
Returns a list of tuples where the first element is the base term and the
second element is a list of `(item, factor)` terms, where `factor` is the
integer multiplicative factor that must multiply the base term to obtain
the original item.
The easiest way to understand this is to look at an example:
>>> from sympy.abc import x
>>> from sympy.integrals.risch import integer_powers
>>> integer_powers([x, x/2, x**2 + 1, 2*x/3])
[(x/6, [(x, 6), (x/2, 3), (2*x/3, 4)]), (x**2 + 1, [(x**2 + 1, 1)])]
We can see how this relates to the example at the beginning of the
docstring. It chose x/6 as the first base term. Then, x can be written as
(x/2) * 2, so we get (0, 2), and so on. Now only element (x**2 + 1)
remains, and there are no other terms that can be written as a rational
multiple of that, so we get that it can be written as (x**2 + 1) * 1.
"""
# Here is the strategy:
# First, go through each term and determine if it can be rewritten as a
# rational multiple of any of the terms gathered so far.
# cancel(a/b).is_Rational is sufficient for this. If it is a multiple, we
# add its multiple to the dictionary.
terms = {}
for term in exprs:
for trm, trm_list in terms.items():
a = cancel(term/trm)
if a.is_Rational:
trm_list.append((term, a))
break
else:
terms[term] = [(term, S.One)]
# After we have done this, we have all the like terms together, so we just
# need to find a common denominator so that we can get the base term and
# integer multiples such that each term can be written as an integer
# multiple of the base term, and the content of the integers is 1.
newterms = {}
for term, term_list in terms.items():
common_denom = reduce(ilcm, [i.as_numer_denom()[1] for _, i in
term_list])
newterm = term/common_denom
newmults = [(i, j*common_denom) for i, j in term_list]
newterms[newterm] = newmults
return sorted(iter(newterms.items()), key=lambda item: item[0].sort_key())
class DifferentialExtension:
"""
A container for all the information relating to a differential extension.
Explanation
===========
The attributes of this object are (see also the docstring of __init__):
- f: The original (Expr) integrand.
- x: The variable of integration.
- T: List of variables in the extension.
- D: List of derivations in the extension; corresponds to the elements of T.
- fa: Poly of the numerator of the integrand.
- fd: Poly of the denominator of the integrand.
- Tfuncs: Lambda() representations of each element of T (except for x).
For back-substitution after integration.
- backsubs: A (possibly empty) list of further substitutions to be made on
the final integral to make it look more like the integrand.
- exts:
- extargs:
- cases: List of string representations of the cases of T.
- t: The top level extension variable, as defined by the current level
(see level below).
- d: The top level extension derivation, as defined by the current
derivation (see level below).
- case: The string representation of the case of self.d.
(Note that self.T and self.D will always contain the complete extension,
regardless of the level. Therefore, you should ALWAYS use DE.t and DE.d
instead of DE.T[-1] and DE.D[-1]. If you want to have a list of the
derivations or variables only up to the current level, use
DE.D[:len(DE.D) + DE.level + 1] and DE.T[:len(DE.T) + DE.level + 1]. Note
that, in particular, the derivation() function does this.)
The following are also attributes, but will probably not be useful other
than in internal use:
- newf: Expr form of fa/fd.
- level: The number (between -1 and -len(self.T)) such that
self.T[self.level] == self.t and self.D[self.level] == self.d.
Use the methods self.increment_level() and self.decrement_level() to change
the current level.
"""
# __slots__ is defined mainly so we can iterate over all the attributes
# of the class easily (the memory use doesn't matter too much, since we
# only create one DifferentialExtension per integration). Also, it's nice
# to have a safeguard when debugging.
__slots__ = ('f', 'x', 'T', 'D', 'fa', 'fd', 'Tfuncs', 'backsubs',
'exts', 'extargs', 'cases', 'case', 't', 'd', 'newf', 'level',
'ts', 'dummy')
def __init__(self, f=None, x=None, handle_first='log', dummy=False, extension=None, rewrite_complex=None):
"""
Tries to build a transcendental extension tower from ``f`` with respect to ``x``.
Explanation
===========
If it is successful, creates a DifferentialExtension object with, among
others, the attributes fa, fd, D, T, Tfuncs, and backsubs such that
fa and fd are Polys in T[-1] with rational coefficients in T[:-1],
fa/fd == f, and D[i] is a Poly in T[i] with rational coefficients in
T[:i] representing the derivative of T[i] for each i from 1 to len(T).
Tfuncs is a list of Lambda objects for back replacing the functions
after integrating. Lambda() is only used (instead of lambda) to make
them easier to test and debug. Note that Tfuncs corresponds to the
elements of T, except for T[0] == x, but they should be back-substituted
in reverse order. backsubs is a (possibly empty) back-substitution list
that should be applied on the completed integral to make it look more
like the original integrand.
If it is unsuccessful, it raises NotImplementedError.
You can also create an object by manually setting the attributes as a
dictionary to the extension keyword argument. You must include at least
D. Warning, any attribute that is not given will be set to None. The
attributes T, t, d, cases, case, x, and level are set automatically and
do not need to be given. The functions in the Risch Algorithm will NOT
check to see if an attribute is None before using it. This also does not
check to see if the extension is valid (non-algebraic) or even if it is
self-consistent. Therefore, this should only be used for
testing/debugging purposes.
"""
# XXX: If you need to debug this function, set the break point here
if extension:
if 'D' not in extension:
raise ValueError("At least the key D must be included with "
"the extension flag to DifferentialExtension.")
for attr in extension:
setattr(self, attr, extension[attr])
self._auto_attrs()
return
elif f is None or x is None:
raise ValueError("Either both f and x or a manual extension must "
"be given.")
if handle_first not in ('log', 'exp'):
raise ValueError("handle_first must be 'log' or 'exp', not %s." %
str(handle_first))
# f will be the original function, self.f might change if we reset
# (e.g., we pull out a constant from an exponential)
self.f = f
self.x = x
# setting the default value 'dummy'
self.dummy = dummy
self.reset()
exp_new_extension, log_new_extension = True, True
# case of 'automatic' choosing
if rewrite_complex is None:
rewrite_complex = I in self.f.atoms()
if rewrite_complex:
rewritables = {
(sin, cos, cot, tan, sinh, cosh, coth, tanh): exp,
(asin, acos, acot, atan): log,
}
# rewrite the trigonometric components
for candidates, rule in rewritables.items():
self.newf = self.newf.rewrite(candidates, rule)
self.newf = cancel(self.newf)
else:
if any(i.has(x) for i in self.f.atoms(sin, cos, tan, atan, asin, acos)):
raise NotImplementedError("Trigonometric extensions are not "
"supported (yet!)")
exps = set()
pows = set()
numpows = set()
sympows = set()
logs = set()
symlogs = set()
while True:
if self.newf.is_rational_function(*self.T):
break
if not exp_new_extension and not log_new_extension:
# We couldn't find a new extension on the last pass, so I guess
# we can't do it.
raise NotImplementedError("Couldn't find an elementary "
"transcendental extension for %s. Try using a " % str(f) +
"manual extension with the extension flag.")
exps, pows, numpows, sympows, log_new_extension = \
self._rewrite_exps_pows(exps, pows, numpows, sympows, log_new_extension)
logs, symlogs = self._rewrite_logs(logs, symlogs)
if handle_first == 'exp' or not log_new_extension:
exp_new_extension = self._exp_part(exps)
if exp_new_extension is None:
# reset and restart
self.f = self.newf
self.reset()
exp_new_extension = True
continue
if handle_first == 'log' or not exp_new_extension:
log_new_extension = self._log_part(logs)
self.fa, self.fd = frac_in(self.newf, self.t)
self._auto_attrs()
return
def __getattr__(self, attr):
# Avoid AttributeErrors when debugging
if attr not in self.__slots__:
raise AttributeError("%s has no attribute %s" % (repr(self), repr(attr)))
return None
def _rewrite_exps_pows(self, exps, pows, numpows,
sympows, log_new_extension):
"""
Rewrite exps/pows for better processing.
"""
from .prde import is_deriv_k
# Pre-preparsing.
#################
# Get all exp arguments, so we can avoid ahead of time doing
# something like t1 = exp(x), t2 = exp(x/2) == sqrt(t1).
# Things like sqrt(exp(x)) do not automatically simplify to
# exp(x/2), so they will be viewed as algebraic. The easiest way
# to handle this is to convert all instances of exp(a)**Rational
# to exp(Rational*a) before doing anything else. Note that the
# _exp_part code can generate terms of this form, so we do need to
# do this at each pass (or else modify it to not do that).
ratpows = [i for i in self.newf.atoms(Pow)
if (isinstance(i.base, exp) and i.exp.is_Rational)]
ratpows_repl = [
(i, i.base.base**(i.exp*i.base.exp)) for i in ratpows]
self.backsubs += [(j, i) for i, j in ratpows_repl]
self.newf = self.newf.xreplace(dict(ratpows_repl))
# To make the process deterministic, the args are sorted
# so that functions with smaller op-counts are processed first.
# Ties are broken with the default_sort_key.
# XXX Although the method is deterministic no additional work
# has been done to guarantee that the simplest solution is
# returned and that it would be affected be using different
# variables. Though it is possible that this is the case
# one should know that it has not been done intentionally, so
# further improvements may be possible.
# TODO: This probably doesn't need to be completely recomputed at
# each pass.
exps = update_sets(exps, self.newf.atoms(exp),
lambda i: i.exp.is_rational_function(*self.T) and
i.exp.has(*self.T))
pows = update_sets(pows, self.newf.atoms(Pow),
lambda i: i.exp.is_rational_function(*self.T) and
i.exp.has(*self.T))
numpows = update_sets(numpows, set(pows),
lambda i: not i.base.has(*self.T))
sympows = update_sets(sympows, set(pows) - set(numpows),
lambda i: i.base.is_rational_function(*self.T) and
not i.exp.is_Integer)
# The easiest way to deal with non-base E powers is to convert them
# into base E, integrate, and then convert back.
for i in ordered(pows):
old = i
new = exp(i.exp*log(i.base))
# If exp is ever changed to automatically reduce exp(x*log(2))
# to 2**x, then this will break. The solution is to not change
# exp to do that :)
if i in sympows:
if i.exp.is_Rational:
raise NotImplementedError("Algebraic extensions are "
"not supported (%s)." % str(i))
# We can add a**b only if log(a) in the extension, because
# a**b == exp(b*log(a)).
basea, based = frac_in(i.base, self.t)
A = is_deriv_k(basea, based, self)
if A is None:
# Nonelementary monomial (so far)
# TODO: Would there ever be any benefit from just
# adding log(base) as a new monomial?
# ANSWER: Yes, otherwise we can't integrate x**x (or
# rather prove that it has no elementary integral)
# without first manually rewriting it as exp(x*log(x))
self.newf = self.newf.xreplace({old: new})
self.backsubs += [(new, old)]
log_new_extension = self._log_part([log(i.base)])
exps = update_sets(exps, self.newf.atoms(exp), lambda i:
i.exp.is_rational_function(*self.T) and i.exp.has(*self.T))
continue
ans, u, const = A
newterm = exp(i.exp*(log(const) + u))
# Under the current implementation, exp kills terms
# only if they are of the form a*log(x), where a is a
# Number. This case should have already been killed by the
# above tests. Again, if this changes to kill more than
# that, this will break, which maybe is a sign that you
# shouldn't be changing that. Actually, if anything, this
# auto-simplification should be removed. See
# https://groups.google.com/group/sympy/browse_thread/thread/a61d48235f16867f
self.newf = self.newf.xreplace({i: newterm})
elif i not in numpows:
continue
else:
# i in numpows
newterm = new
# TODO: Just put it in self.Tfuncs
self.backsubs.append((new, old))
self.newf = self.newf.xreplace({old: newterm})
exps.append(newterm)
return exps, pows, numpows, sympows, log_new_extension
def _rewrite_logs(self, logs, symlogs):
"""
Rewrite logs for better processing.
"""
atoms = self.newf.atoms(log)
logs = update_sets(logs, atoms,
lambda i: i.args[0].is_rational_function(*self.T) and
i.args[0].has(*self.T))
symlogs = update_sets(symlogs, atoms,
lambda i: i.has(*self.T) and i.args[0].is_Pow and
i.args[0].base.is_rational_function(*self.T) and
not i.args[0].exp.is_Integer)
# We can handle things like log(x**y) by converting it to y*log(x)
# This will fix not only symbolic exponents of the argument, but any
# non-Integer exponent, like log(sqrt(x)). The exponent can also
# depend on x, like log(x**x).
for i in ordered(symlogs):
# Unlike in the exponential case above, we do not ever
# potentially add new monomials (above we had to add log(a)).
# Therefore, there is no need to run any is_deriv functions
# here. Just convert log(a**b) to b*log(a) and let
# log_new_extension() handle it from there.
lbase = log(i.args[0].base)
logs.append(lbase)
new = i.args[0].exp*lbase
self.newf = self.newf.xreplace({i: new})
self.backsubs.append((new, i))
# remove any duplicates
logs = sorted(set(logs), key=default_sort_key)
return logs, symlogs
def _auto_attrs(self):
"""
Set attributes that are generated automatically.
"""
if not self.T:
# i.e., when using the extension flag and T isn't given
self.T = [i.gen for i in self.D]
if not self.x:
self.x = self.T[0]
self.cases = [get_case(d, t) for d, t in zip(self.D, self.T)]
self.level = -1
self.t = self.T[self.level]
self.d = self.D[self.level]
self.case = self.cases[self.level]
def _exp_part(self, exps):
"""
Try to build an exponential extension.
Returns
=======
Returns True if there was a new extension, False if there was no new
extension but it was able to rewrite the given exponentials in terms
of the existing extension, and None if the entire extension building
process should be restarted. If the process fails because there is no
way around an algebraic extension (e.g., exp(log(x)/2)), it will raise
NotImplementedError.
"""
from .prde import is_log_deriv_k_t_radical
new_extension = False
restart = False
expargs = [i.exp for i in exps]
ip = integer_powers(expargs)
for arg, others in ip:
# Minimize potential problems with algebraic substitution
others.sort(key=lambda i: i[1])
arga, argd = frac_in(arg, self.t)
A = is_log_deriv_k_t_radical(arga, argd, self)
if A is not None:
ans, u, n, const = A
# if n is 1 or -1, it's algebraic, but we can handle it
if n == -1:
# This probably will never happen, because
# Rational.as_numer_denom() returns the negative term in
# the numerator. But in case that changes, reduce it to
# n == 1.
n = 1
u **= -1
const *= -1
ans = [(i, -j) for i, j in ans]
if n == 1:
# Example: exp(x + x**2) over QQ(x, exp(x), exp(x**2))
self.newf = self.newf.xreplace({exp(arg): exp(const)*Mul(*[
u**power for u, power in ans])})
self.newf = self.newf.xreplace({exp(p*exparg):
exp(const*p) * Mul(*[u**power for u, power in ans])
for exparg, p in others})
# TODO: Add something to backsubs to put exp(const*p)
# back together.
continue
else:
# Bad news: we have an algebraic radical. But maybe we
# could still avoid it by choosing a different extension.
# For example, integer_powers() won't handle exp(x/2 + 1)
# over QQ(x, exp(x)), but if we pull out the exp(1), it
# will. Or maybe we have exp(x + x**2/2), over
# QQ(x, exp(x), exp(x**2)), which is exp(x)*sqrt(exp(x**2)),
# but if we use QQ(x, exp(x), exp(x**2/2)), then they will
# all work.
#
# So here is what we do: If there is a non-zero const, pull
# it out and retry. Also, if len(ans) > 1, then rewrite
# exp(arg) as the product of exponentials from ans, and
# retry that. If const == 0 and len(ans) == 1, then we
# assume that it would have been handled by either
# integer_powers() or n == 1 above if it could be handled,
# so we give up at that point. For example, you can never
# handle exp(log(x)/2) because it equals sqrt(x).
if const or len(ans) > 1:
rad = Mul(*[term**(power/n) for term, power in ans])
self.newf = self.newf.xreplace({exp(p*exparg):
exp(const*p)*rad for exparg, p in others})
self.newf = self.newf.xreplace(dict(list(zip(reversed(self.T),
reversed([f(self.x) for f in self.Tfuncs])))))
restart = True
break
else:
# TODO: give algebraic dependence in error string
raise NotImplementedError("Cannot integrate over "
"algebraic extensions.")
else:
arga, argd = frac_in(arg, self.t)
darga = (argd*derivation(Poly(arga, self.t), self) -
arga*derivation(Poly(argd, self.t), self))
dargd = argd**2
darga, dargd = darga.cancel(dargd, include=True)
darg = darga.as_expr()/dargd.as_expr()
self.t = next(self.ts)
self.T.append(self.t)
self.extargs.append(arg)
self.exts.append('exp')
self.D.append(darg.as_poly(self.t, expand=False)*Poly(self.t,
self.t, expand=False))
if self.dummy:
i = Dummy("i")
else:
i = Symbol('i')
self.Tfuncs += [Lambda(i, exp(arg.subs(self.x, i)))]
self.newf = self.newf.xreplace(
{exp(exparg): self.t**p for exparg, p in others})
new_extension = True
if restart:
return None
return new_extension
def _log_part(self, logs):
"""
Try to build a logarithmic extension.
Returns
=======
Returns True if there was a new extension and False if there was no new
extension but it was able to rewrite the given logarithms in terms
of the existing extension. Unlike with exponential extensions, there
is no way that a logarithm is not transcendental over and cannot be
rewritten in terms of an already existing extension in a non-algebraic
way, so this function does not ever return None or raise
NotImplementedError.
"""
from .prde import is_deriv_k
new_extension = False
logargs = [i.args[0] for i in logs]
for arg in ordered(logargs):
# The log case is easier, because whenever a logarithm is algebraic
# over the base field, it is of the form a1*t1 + ... an*tn + c,
# which is a polynomial, so we can just replace it with that.
# In other words, we don't have to worry about radicals.
arga, argd = frac_in(arg, self.t)
A = is_deriv_k(arga, argd, self)
if A is not None:
ans, u, const = A
newterm = log(const) + u
self.newf = self.newf.xreplace({log(arg): newterm})
continue
else:
arga, argd = frac_in(arg, self.t)
darga = (argd*derivation(Poly(arga, self.t), self) -
arga*derivation(Poly(argd, self.t), self))
dargd = argd**2
darg = darga.as_expr()/dargd.as_expr()
self.t = next(self.ts)
self.T.append(self.t)
self.extargs.append(arg)
self.exts.append('log')
self.D.append(cancel(darg.as_expr()/arg).as_poly(self.t,
expand=False))
if self.dummy:
i = Dummy("i")
else:
i = Symbol('i')
self.Tfuncs += [Lambda(i, log(arg.subs(self.x, i)))]
self.newf = self.newf.xreplace({log(arg): self.t})
new_extension = True
return new_extension
@property
def _important_attrs(self):
"""
Returns some of the more important attributes of self.
Explanation
===========
Used for testing and debugging purposes.
The attributes are (fa, fd, D, T, Tfuncs, backsubs,
exts, extargs).
"""
return (self.fa, self.fd, self.D, self.T, self.Tfuncs,
self.backsubs, self.exts, self.extargs)
# NOTE: this printing doesn't follow the Python's standard
# eval(repr(DE)) == DE, where DE is the DifferentialExtension object,
# also this printing is supposed to contain all the important
# attributes of a DifferentialExtension object
def __repr__(self):
# no need to have GeneratorType object printed in it
r = [(attr, getattr(self, attr)) for attr in self.__slots__
if not isinstance(getattr(self, attr), GeneratorType)]
return self.__class__.__name__ + '(dict(%r))' % (r)
# fancy printing of DifferentialExtension object
def __str__(self):
return (self.__class__.__name__ + '({fa=%s, fd=%s, D=%s})' %
(self.fa, self.fd, self.D))
# should only be used for debugging purposes, internally
# f1 = f2 = log(x) at different places in code execution
# may return D1 != D2 as True, since 'level' or other attribute
# may differ
def __eq__(self, other):
for attr in self.__class__.__slots__:
d1, d2 = getattr(self, attr), getattr(other, attr)
if not (isinstance(d1, GeneratorType) or d1 == d2):
return False
return True
def reset(self):
"""
Reset self to an initial state. Used by __init__.
"""
self.t = self.x
self.T = [self.x]
self.D = [Poly(1, self.x)]
self.level = -1
self.exts = [None]
self.extargs = [None]
if self.dummy:
self.ts = numbered_symbols('t', cls=Dummy)
else:
# For testing
self.ts = numbered_symbols('t')
# For various things that we change to make things work that we need to
# change back when we are done.
self.backsubs = []
self.Tfuncs = []
self.newf = self.f
def indices(self, extension):
"""
Parameters
==========
extension : str
Represents a valid extension type.
Returns
=======
list: A list of indices of 'exts' where extension of
type 'extension' is present.
Examples
========
>>> from sympy.integrals.risch import DifferentialExtension
>>> from sympy import log, exp
>>> from sympy.abc import x
>>> DE = DifferentialExtension(log(x) + exp(x), x, handle_first='exp')
>>> DE.indices('log')
[2]
>>> DE.indices('exp')
[1]
"""
return [i for i, ext in enumerate(self.exts) if ext == extension]
def increment_level(self):
"""
Increment the level of self.
Explanation
===========
This makes the working differential extension larger. self.level is
given relative to the end of the list (-1, -2, etc.), so we do not need
do worry about it when building the extension.
"""
if self.level >= -1:
raise ValueError("The level of the differential extension cannot "
"be incremented any further.")
self.level += 1
self.t = self.T[self.level]
self.d = self.D[self.level]
self.case = self.cases[self.level]
return None
def decrement_level(self):
"""
Decrease the level of self.
Explanation
===========
This makes the working differential extension smaller. self.level is
given relative to the end of the list (-1, -2, etc.), so we do not need
do worry about it when building the extension.
"""
if self.level <= -len(self.T):
raise ValueError("The level of the differential extension cannot "
"be decremented any further.")
self.level -= 1
self.t = self.T[self.level]
self.d = self.D[self.level]
self.case = self.cases[self.level]
return None
def update_sets(seq, atoms, func):
s = set(seq)
s = atoms.intersection(s)
new = atoms - s
s.update(list(filter(func, new)))
return list(s)
class DecrementLevel:
"""
A context manager for decrementing the level of a DifferentialExtension.
"""
__slots__ = ('DE',)
def __init__(self, DE):
self.DE = DE
return
def __enter__(self):
self.DE.decrement_level()
def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback):
self.DE.increment_level()
class NonElementaryIntegralException(Exception):
"""
Exception used by subroutines within the Risch algorithm to indicate to one
another that the function being integrated does not have an elementary
integral in the given differential field.
"""
# TODO: Rewrite algorithms below to use this (?)
# TODO: Pass through information about why the integral was nonelementary,
# and store that in the resulting NonElementaryIntegral somehow.
pass
def gcdex_diophantine(a, b, c):
"""
Extended Euclidean Algorithm, Diophantine version.
Explanation
===========
Given ``a``, ``b`` in K[x] and ``c`` in (a, b), the ideal generated by ``a`` and
``b``, return (s, t) such that s*a + t*b == c and either s == 0 or s.degree()
< b.degree().
"""
# Extended Euclidean Algorithm (Diophantine Version) pg. 13
# TODO: This should go in densetools.py.
# XXX: Bettter name?
s, g = a.half_gcdex(b)
s *= c.exquo(g) # Inexact division means c is not in (a, b)
if s and s.degree() >= b.degree():
_, s = s.div(b)
t = (c - s*a).exquo(b)
return (s, t)
def frac_in(f, t, *, cancel=False, **kwargs):
"""
Returns the tuple (fa, fd), where fa and fd are Polys in t.
Explanation
===========
This is a common idiom in the Risch Algorithm functions, so we abstract
it out here. ``f`` should be a basic expression, a Poly, or a tuple (fa, fd),
where fa and fd are either basic expressions or Polys, and f == fa/fd.
**kwargs are applied to Poly.
"""
if isinstance(f, tuple):
fa, fd = f
f = fa.as_expr()/fd.as_expr()
fa, fd = f.as_expr().as_numer_denom()
fa, fd = fa.as_poly(t, **kwargs), fd.as_poly(t, **kwargs)
if cancel:
fa, fd = fa.cancel(fd, include=True)
if fa is None or fd is None:
raise ValueError("Could not turn %s into a fraction in %s." % (f, t))
return (fa, fd)
def as_poly_1t(p, t, z):
"""
(Hackish) way to convert an element ``p`` of K[t, 1/t] to K[t, z].
In other words, ``z == 1/t`` will be a dummy variable that Poly can handle
better.
See issue 5131.
Examples
========
>>> from sympy import random_poly
>>> from sympy.integrals.risch import as_poly_1t
>>> from sympy.abc import x, z
>>> p1 = random_poly(x, 10, -10, 10)
>>> p2 = random_poly(x, 10, -10, 10)
>>> p = p1 + p2.subs(x, 1/x)
>>> as_poly_1t(p, x, z).as_expr().subs(z, 1/x) == p
True
"""
# TODO: Use this on the final result. That way, we can avoid answers like
# (...)*exp(-x).
pa, pd = frac_in(p, t, cancel=True)
if not pd.is_monomial:
# XXX: Is there a better Poly exception that we could raise here?
# Either way, if you see this (from the Risch Algorithm) it indicates
# a bug.
raise PolynomialError("%s is not an element of K[%s, 1/%s]." % (p, t, t))
d = pd.degree(t)
one_t_part = pa.slice(0, d + 1)
r = pd.degree() - pa.degree()
t_part = pa - one_t_part
try:
t_part = t_part.to_field().exquo(pd)
except DomainError as e:
# issue 4950
raise NotImplementedError(e)
# Compute the negative degree parts.
one_t_part = Poly.from_list(reversed(one_t_part.rep.rep), *one_t_part.gens,
domain=one_t_part.domain)
if 0 < r < oo:
one_t_part *= Poly(t**r, t)
one_t_part = one_t_part.replace(t, z) # z will be 1/t
if pd.nth(d):
one_t_part *= Poly(1/pd.nth(d), z, expand=False)
ans = t_part.as_poly(t, z, expand=False) + one_t_part.as_poly(t, z,
expand=False)
return ans
def derivation(p, DE, coefficientD=False, basic=False):
"""
Computes Dp.
Explanation
===========
Given the derivation D with D = d/dx and p is a polynomial in t over
K(x), return Dp.
If coefficientD is True, it computes the derivation kD
(kappaD), which is defined as kD(sum(ai*Xi**i, (i, 0, n))) ==
sum(Dai*Xi**i, (i, 1, n)) (Definition 3.2.2, page 80). X in this case is
T[-1], so coefficientD computes the derivative just with respect to T[:-1],
with T[-1] treated as a constant.
If ``basic=True``, the returns a Basic expression. Elements of D can still be
instances of Poly.
"""
if basic:
r = 0
else:
r = Poly(0, DE.t)
t = DE.t
if coefficientD:
if DE.level <= -len(DE.T):
# 'base' case, the answer is 0.
return r
DE.decrement_level()
D = DE.D[:len(DE.D) + DE.level + 1]
T = DE.T[:len(DE.T) + DE.level + 1]
for d, v in zip(D, T):
pv = p.as_poly(v)
if pv is None or basic:
pv = p.as_expr()
if basic:
r += d.as_expr()*pv.diff(v)
else:
r += (d.as_expr()*pv.diff(v).as_expr()).as_poly(t)
if basic:
r = cancel(r)
if coefficientD:
DE.increment_level()
return r
def get_case(d, t):
"""
Returns the type of the derivation d.
Returns one of {'exp', 'tan', 'base', 'primitive', 'other_linear',
'other_nonlinear'}.
"""
if not d.expr.has(t):
if d.is_one:
return 'base'
return 'primitive'
if d.rem(Poly(t, t)).is_zero:
return 'exp'
if d.rem(Poly(1 + t**2, t)).is_zero:
return 'tan'
if d.degree(t) > 1:
return 'other_nonlinear'
return 'other_linear'
def splitfactor(p, DE, coefficientD=False, z=None):
"""
Splitting factorization.
Explanation
===========
Given a derivation D on k[t] and ``p`` in k[t], return (p_n, p_s) in
k[t] x k[t] such that p = p_n*p_s, p_s is special, and each square
factor of p_n is normal.
Page. 100
"""
kinv = [1/x for x in DE.T[:DE.level]]
if z:
kinv.append(z)
One = Poly(1, DE.t, domain=p.get_domain())
Dp = derivation(p, DE, coefficientD=coefficientD)
# XXX: Is this right?
if p.is_zero:
return (p, One)
if not p.expr.has(DE.t):
s = p.as_poly(*kinv).gcd(Dp.as_poly(*kinv)).as_poly(DE.t)
n = p.exquo(s)
return (n, s)
if not Dp.is_zero:
h = p.gcd(Dp).to_field()
g = p.gcd(p.diff(DE.t)).to_field()
s = h.exquo(g)
if s.degree(DE.t) == 0:
return (p, One)
q_split = splitfactor(p.exquo(s), DE, coefficientD=coefficientD)
return (q_split[0], q_split[1]*s)
else:
return (p, One)
def splitfactor_sqf(p, DE, coefficientD=False, z=None, basic=False):
"""
Splitting Square-free Factorization.
Explanation
===========
Given a derivation D on k[t] and ``p`` in k[t], returns (N1, ..., Nm)
and (S1, ..., Sm) in k[t]^m such that p =
(N1*N2**2*...*Nm**m)*(S1*S2**2*...*Sm**m) is a splitting
factorization of ``p`` and the Ni and Si are square-free and coprime.
"""
# TODO: This algorithm appears to be faster in every case
# TODO: Verify this and splitfactor() for multiple extensions
kkinv = [1/x for x in DE.T[:DE.level]] + DE.T[:DE.level]
if z:
kkinv = [z]
S = []
N = []
p_sqf = p.sqf_list_include()
if p.is_zero:
return (((p, 1),), ())
for pi, i in p_sqf:
Si = pi.as_poly(*kkinv).gcd(derivation(pi, DE,
coefficientD=coefficientD,basic=basic).as_poly(*kkinv)).as_poly(DE.t)
pi = Poly(pi, DE.t)
Si = Poly(Si, DE.t)
Ni = pi.exquo(Si)
if not Si.is_one:
S.append((Si, i))
if not Ni.is_one:
N.append((Ni, i))
return (tuple(N), tuple(S))
def canonical_representation(a, d, DE):
"""
Canonical Representation.
Explanation
===========
Given a derivation D on k[t] and f = a/d in k(t), return (f_p, f_s,
f_n) in k[t] x k(t) x k(t) such that f = f_p + f_s + f_n is the
canonical representation of f (f_p is a polynomial, f_s is reduced
(has a special denominator), and f_n is simple (has a normal
denominator).
"""
# Make d monic
l = Poly(1/d.LC(), DE.t)
a, d = a.mul(l), d.mul(l)
q, r = a.div(d)
dn, ds = splitfactor(d, DE)
b, c = gcdex_diophantine(dn.as_poly(DE.t), ds.as_poly(DE.t), r.as_poly(DE.t))
b, c = b.as_poly(DE.t), c.as_poly(DE.t)
return (q, (b, ds), (c, dn))
def hermite_reduce(a, d, DE):
"""
Hermite Reduction - Mack's Linear Version.
Given a derivation D on k(t) and f = a/d in k(t), returns g, h, r in
k(t) such that f = Dg + h + r, h is simple, and r is reduced.
"""
# Make d monic
l = Poly(1/d.LC(), DE.t)
a, d = a.mul(l), d.mul(l)
fp, fs, fn = canonical_representation(a, d, DE)
a, d = fn
l = Poly(1/d.LC(), DE.t)
a, d = a.mul(l), d.mul(l)
ga = Poly(0, DE.t)
gd = Poly(1, DE.t)
dd = derivation(d, DE)
dm = gcd(d.to_field(), dd.to_field()).as_poly(DE.t)
ds, _ = d.div(dm)
while dm.degree(DE.t) > 0:
ddm = derivation(dm, DE)
dm2 = gcd(dm.to_field(), ddm.to_field())
dms, _ = dm.div(dm2)
ds_ddm = ds.mul(ddm)
ds_ddm_dm, _ = ds_ddm.div(dm)
b, c = gcdex_diophantine(-ds_ddm_dm.as_poly(DE.t),
dms.as_poly(DE.t), a.as_poly(DE.t))
b, c = b.as_poly(DE.t), c.as_poly(DE.t)
db = derivation(b, DE).as_poly(DE.t)
ds_dms, _ = ds.div(dms)
a = c.as_poly(DE.t) - db.mul(ds_dms).as_poly(DE.t)
ga = ga*dm + b*gd
gd = gd*dm
ga, gd = ga.cancel(gd, include=True)
dm = dm2
q, r = a.div(ds)
ga, gd = ga.cancel(gd, include=True)
r, d = r.cancel(ds, include=True)
rra = q*fs[1] + fp*fs[1] + fs[0]
rrd = fs[1]
rra, rrd = rra.cancel(rrd, include=True)
return ((ga, gd), (r, d), (rra, rrd))
def polynomial_reduce(p, DE):
"""
Polynomial Reduction.
Explanation
===========
Given a derivation D on k(t) and p in k[t] where t is a nonlinear
monomial over k, return q, r in k[t] such that p = Dq + r, and
deg(r) < deg_t(Dt).
"""
q = Poly(0, DE.t)
while p.degree(DE.t) >= DE.d.degree(DE.t):
m = p.degree(DE.t) - DE.d.degree(DE.t) + 1
q0 = Poly(DE.t**m, DE.t).mul(Poly(p.as_poly(DE.t).LC()/
(m*DE.d.LC()), DE.t))
q += q0
p = p - derivation(q0, DE)
return (q, p)
def laurent_series(a, d, F, n, DE):
"""
Contribution of ``F`` to the full partial fraction decomposition of A/D.
Explanation
===========
Given a field K of characteristic 0 and ``A``,``D``,``F`` in K[x] with D monic,
nonzero, coprime with A, and ``F`` the factor of multiplicity n in the square-
free factorization of D, return the principal parts of the Laurent series of
A/D at all the zeros of ``F``.
"""
if F.degree()==0:
return 0
Z = _symbols('z', n)
z = Symbol('z')
Z.insert(0, z)
delta_a = Poly(0, DE.t)
delta_d = Poly(1, DE.t)
E = d.quo(F**n)
ha, hd = (a, E*Poly(z**n, DE.t))
dF = derivation(F,DE)
B, _ = gcdex_diophantine(E, F, Poly(1,DE.t))
C, _ = gcdex_diophantine(dF, F, Poly(1,DE.t))
# initialization
F_store = F
V, DE_D_list, H_list= [], [], []
for j in range(0, n):
# jth derivative of z would be substituted with dfnth/(j+1) where dfnth =(d^n)f/(dx)^n
F_store = derivation(F_store, DE)
v = (F_store.as_expr())/(j + 1)
V.append(v)
DE_D_list.append(Poly(Z[j + 1],Z[j]))
DE_new = DifferentialExtension(extension = {'D': DE_D_list}) #a differential indeterminate
for j in range(0, n):
zEha = Poly(z**(n + j), DE.t)*E**(j + 1)*ha
zEhd = hd
Pa, Pd = cancel((zEha, zEhd))[1], cancel((zEha, zEhd))[2]
Q = Pa.quo(Pd)
for i in range(0, j + 1):
Q = Q.subs(Z[i], V[i])
Dha = (hd*derivation(ha, DE, basic=True).as_poly(DE.t)
+ ha*derivation(hd, DE, basic=True).as_poly(DE.t)
+ hd*derivation(ha, DE_new, basic=True).as_poly(DE.t)
+ ha*derivation(hd, DE_new, basic=True).as_poly(DE.t))
Dhd = Poly(j + 1, DE.t)*hd**2
ha, hd = Dha, Dhd
Ff, _ = F.div(gcd(F, Q))
F_stara, F_stard = frac_in(Ff, DE.t)
if F_stara.degree(DE.t) - F_stard.degree(DE.t) > 0:
QBC = Poly(Q, DE.t)*B**(1 + j)*C**(n + j)
H = QBC
H_list.append(H)
H = (QBC*F_stard).rem(F_stara)
alphas = real_roots(F_stara)
for alpha in list(alphas):
delta_a = delta_a*Poly((DE.t - alpha)**(n - j), DE.t) + Poly(H.eval(alpha), DE.t)
delta_d = delta_d*Poly((DE.t - alpha)**(n - j), DE.t)
return (delta_a, delta_d, H_list)
def recognize_derivative(a, d, DE, z=None):
"""
Compute the squarefree factorization of the denominator of f
and for each Di the polynomial H in K[x] (see Theorem 2.7.1), using the
LaurentSeries algorithm. Write Di = GiEi where Gj = gcd(Hn, Di) and
gcd(Ei,Hn) = 1. Since the residues of f at the roots of Gj are all 0, and
the residue of f at a root alpha of Ei is Hi(a) != 0, f is the derivative of a
rational function if and only if Ei = 1 for each i, which is equivalent to
Di | H[-1] for each i.
"""
flag =True
a, d = a.cancel(d, include=True)
_, r = a.div(d)
Np, Sp = splitfactor_sqf(d, DE, coefficientD=True, z=z)
j = 1
for s, _ in Sp:
delta_a, delta_d, H = laurent_series(r, d, s, j, DE)
g = gcd(d, H[-1]).as_poly()
if g is not d:
flag = False
break
j = j + 1
return flag
def recognize_log_derivative(a, d, DE, z=None):
"""
There exists a v in K(x)* such that f = dv/v
where f a rational function if and only if f can be written as f = A/D
where D is squarefree,deg(A) < deg(D), gcd(A, D) = 1,
and all the roots of the Rothstein-Trager resultant are integers. In that case,
any of the Rothstein-Trager, Lazard-Rioboo-Trager or Czichowski algorithm
produces u in K(x) such that du/dx = uf.
"""
z = z or Dummy('z')
a, d = a.cancel(d, include=True)
_, a = a.div(d)
pz = Poly(z, DE.t)
Dd = derivation(d, DE)
q = a - pz*Dd
r, _ = d.resultant(q, includePRS=True)
r = Poly(r, z)
Np, Sp = splitfactor_sqf(r, DE, coefficientD=True, z=z)
for s, _ in Sp:
# TODO also consider the complex roots which should
# turn the flag false
a = real_roots(s.as_poly(z))
if not all(j.is_Integer for j in a):
return False
return True
def residue_reduce(a, d, DE, z=None, invert=True):
"""
Lazard-Rioboo-Rothstein-Trager resultant reduction.
Explanation
===========
Given a derivation ``D`` on k(t) and f in k(t) simple, return g
elementary over k(t) and a Boolean b in {True, False} such that f -
Dg in k[t] if b == True or f + h and f + h - Dg do not have an
elementary integral over k(t) for any h in k<t> (reduced) if b ==
False.
Returns (G, b), where G is a tuple of tuples of the form (s_i, S_i),
such that g = Add(*[RootSum(s_i, lambda z: z*log(S_i(z, t))) for
S_i, s_i in G]). f - Dg is the remaining integral, which is elementary
only if b == True, and hence the integral of f is elementary only if
b == True.
f - Dg is not calculated in this function because that would require
explicitly calculating the RootSum. Use residue_reduce_derivation().
"""
# TODO: Use log_to_atan() from rationaltools.py
# If r = residue_reduce(...), then the logarithmic part is given by:
# sum([RootSum(a[0].as_poly(z), lambda i: i*log(a[1].as_expr()).subs(z,
# i)).subs(t, log(x)) for a in r[0]])
z = z or Dummy('z')
a, d = a.cancel(d, include=True)
a, d = a.to_field().mul_ground(1/d.LC()), d.to_field().mul_ground(1/d.LC())
kkinv = [1/x for x in DE.T[:DE.level]] + DE.T[:DE.level]
if a.is_zero:
return ([], True)
_, a = a.div(d)
pz = Poly(z, DE.t)
Dd = derivation(d, DE)
q = a - pz*Dd
if Dd.degree(DE.t) <= d.degree(DE.t):
r, R = d.resultant(q, includePRS=True)
else:
r, R = q.resultant(d, includePRS=True)
R_map, H = {}, []
for i in R:
R_map[i.degree()] = i
r = Poly(r, z)
Np, Sp = splitfactor_sqf(r, DE, coefficientD=True, z=z)
for s, i in Sp:
if i == d.degree(DE.t):
s = Poly(s, z).monic()
H.append((s, d))
else:
h = R_map.get(i)
if h is None:
continue
h_lc = Poly(h.as_poly(DE.t).LC(), DE.t, field=True)
h_lc_sqf = h_lc.sqf_list_include(all=True)
for a, j in h_lc_sqf:
h = Poly(h, DE.t, field=True).exquo(Poly(gcd(a, s**j, *kkinv),
DE.t))
s = Poly(s, z).monic()
if invert:
h_lc = Poly(h.as_poly(DE.t).LC(), DE.t, field=True, expand=False)
inv, coeffs = h_lc.as_poly(z, field=True).invert(s), [S.One]
for coeff in h.coeffs()[1:]:
L = reduced(inv*coeff.as_poly(inv.gens), [s])[1]
coeffs.append(L.as_expr())
h = Poly(dict(list(zip(h.monoms(), coeffs))), DE.t)
H.append((s, h))
b = not any(cancel(i.as_expr()).has(DE.t, z) for i, _ in Np)
return (H, b)
def residue_reduce_to_basic(H, DE, z):
"""
Converts the tuple returned by residue_reduce() into a Basic expression.
"""
# TODO: check what Lambda does with RootOf
i = Dummy('i')
s = list(zip(reversed(DE.T), reversed([f(DE.x) for f in DE.Tfuncs])))
return sum(RootSum(a[0].as_poly(z), Lambda(i, i*log(a[1].as_expr()).subs(
{z: i}).subs(s))) for a in H)
def residue_reduce_derivation(H, DE, z):
"""
Computes the derivation of an expression returned by residue_reduce().
In general, this is a rational function in t, so this returns an
as_expr() result.
"""
# TODO: verify that this is correct for multiple extensions
i = Dummy('i')
return S(sum(RootSum(a[0].as_poly(z), Lambda(i, i*derivation(a[1],
DE).as_expr().subs(z, i)/a[1].as_expr().subs(z, i))) for a in H))
def integrate_primitive_polynomial(p, DE):
"""
Integration of primitive polynomials.
Explanation
===========
Given a primitive monomial t over k, and ``p`` in k[t], return q in k[t],
r in k, and a bool b in {True, False} such that r = p - Dq is in k if b is
True, or r = p - Dq does not have an elementary integral over k(t) if b is
False.
"""
Zero = Poly(0, DE.t)
q = Poly(0, DE.t)
if not p.expr.has(DE.t):
return (Zero, p, True)
from .prde import limited_integrate
while True:
if not p.expr.has(DE.t):
return (q, p, True)
Dta, Dtb = frac_in(DE.d, DE.T[DE.level - 1])
with DecrementLevel(DE): # We had better be integrating the lowest extension (x)
# with ratint().
a = p.LC()
aa, ad = frac_in(a, DE.t)
try:
rv = limited_integrate(aa, ad, [(Dta, Dtb)], DE)
if rv is None:
raise NonElementaryIntegralException
(ba, bd), c = rv
except NonElementaryIntegralException:
return (q, p, False)
m = p.degree(DE.t)
q0 = c[0].as_poly(DE.t)*Poly(DE.t**(m + 1)/(m + 1), DE.t) + \
(ba.as_expr()/bd.as_expr()).as_poly(DE.t)*Poly(DE.t**m, DE.t)
p = p - derivation(q0, DE)
q = q + q0
def integrate_primitive(a, d, DE, z=None):
"""
Integration of primitive functions.
Explanation
===========
Given a primitive monomial t over k and f in k(t), return g elementary over
k(t), i in k(t), and b in {True, False} such that i = f - Dg is in k if b
is True or i = f - Dg does not have an elementary integral over k(t) if b
is False.
This function returns a Basic expression for the first argument. If b is
True, the second argument is Basic expression in k to recursively integrate.
If b is False, the second argument is an unevaluated Integral, which has
been proven to be nonelementary.
"""
# XXX: a and d must be canceled, or this might return incorrect results
z = z or Dummy("z")
s = list(zip(reversed(DE.T), reversed([f(DE.x) for f in DE.Tfuncs])))
g1, h, r = hermite_reduce(a, d, DE)
g2, b = residue_reduce(h[0], h[1], DE, z=z)
if not b:
i = cancel(a.as_expr()/d.as_expr() - (g1[1]*derivation(g1[0], DE) -
g1[0]*derivation(g1[1], DE)).as_expr()/(g1[1]**2).as_expr() -
residue_reduce_derivation(g2, DE, z))
i = NonElementaryIntegral(cancel(i).subs(s), DE.x)
return ((g1[0].as_expr()/g1[1].as_expr()).subs(s) +
residue_reduce_to_basic(g2, DE, z), i, b)
# h - Dg2 + r
p = cancel(h[0].as_expr()/h[1].as_expr() - residue_reduce_derivation(g2,
DE, z) + r[0].as_expr()/r[1].as_expr())
p = p.as_poly(DE.t)
q, i, b = integrate_primitive_polynomial(p, DE)
ret = ((g1[0].as_expr()/g1[1].as_expr() + q.as_expr()).subs(s) +
residue_reduce_to_basic(g2, DE, z))
if not b:
# TODO: This does not do the right thing when b is False
i = NonElementaryIntegral(cancel(i.as_expr()).subs(s), DE.x)
else:
i = cancel(i.as_expr())
return (ret, i, b)
def integrate_hyperexponential_polynomial(p, DE, z):
"""
Integration of hyperexponential polynomials.
Explanation
===========
Given a hyperexponential monomial t over k and ``p`` in k[t, 1/t], return q in
k[t, 1/t] and a bool b in {True, False} such that p - Dq in k if b is True,
or p - Dq does not have an elementary integral over k(t) if b is False.
"""
t1 = DE.t
dtt = DE.d.exquo(Poly(DE.t, DE.t))
qa = Poly(0, DE.t)
qd = Poly(1, DE.t)
b = True
if p.is_zero:
return(qa, qd, b)
from sympy.integrals.rde import rischDE
with DecrementLevel(DE):
for i in range(-p.degree(z), p.degree(t1) + 1):
if not i:
continue
elif i < 0:
# If you get AttributeError: 'NoneType' object has no attribute 'nth'
# then this should really not have expand=False
# But it shouldn't happen because p is already a Poly in t and z
a = p.as_poly(z, expand=False).nth(-i)
else:
# If you get AttributeError: 'NoneType' object has no attribute 'nth'
# then this should really not have expand=False
a = p.as_poly(t1, expand=False).nth(i)
aa, ad = frac_in(a, DE.t, field=True)
aa, ad = aa.cancel(ad, include=True)
iDt = Poly(i, t1)*dtt
iDta, iDtd = frac_in(iDt, DE.t, field=True)
try:
va, vd = rischDE(iDta, iDtd, Poly(aa, DE.t), Poly(ad, DE.t), DE)
va, vd = frac_in((va, vd), t1, cancel=True)
except NonElementaryIntegralException:
b = False
else:
qa = qa*vd + va*Poly(t1**i)*qd
qd *= vd
return (qa, qd, b)
def integrate_hyperexponential(a, d, DE, z=None, conds='piecewise'):
"""
Integration of hyperexponential functions.
Explanation
===========
Given a hyperexponential monomial t over k and f in k(t), return g
elementary over k(t), i in k(t), and a bool b in {True, False} such that
i = f - Dg is in k if b is True or i = f - Dg does not have an elementary
integral over k(t) if b is False.
This function returns a Basic expression for the first argument. If b is
True, the second argument is Basic expression in k to recursively integrate.
If b is False, the second argument is an unevaluated Integral, which has
been proven to be nonelementary.
"""
# XXX: a and d must be canceled, or this might return incorrect results
z = z or Dummy("z")
s = list(zip(reversed(DE.T), reversed([f(DE.x) for f in DE.Tfuncs])))
g1, h, r = hermite_reduce(a, d, DE)
g2, b = residue_reduce(h[0], h[1], DE, z=z)
if not b:
i = cancel(a.as_expr()/d.as_expr() - (g1[1]*derivation(g1[0], DE) -
g1[0]*derivation(g1[1], DE)).as_expr()/(g1[1]**2).as_expr() -
residue_reduce_derivation(g2, DE, z))
i = NonElementaryIntegral(cancel(i.subs(s)), DE.x)
return ((g1[0].as_expr()/g1[1].as_expr()).subs(s) +
residue_reduce_to_basic(g2, DE, z), i, b)
# p should be a polynomial in t and 1/t, because Sirr == k[t, 1/t]
# h - Dg2 + r
p = cancel(h[0].as_expr()/h[1].as_expr() - residue_reduce_derivation(g2,
DE, z) + r[0].as_expr()/r[1].as_expr())
pp = as_poly_1t(p, DE.t, z)
qa, qd, b = integrate_hyperexponential_polynomial(pp, DE, z)
i = pp.nth(0, 0)
ret = ((g1[0].as_expr()/g1[1].as_expr()).subs(s) \
+ residue_reduce_to_basic(g2, DE, z))
qas = qa.as_expr().subs(s)
qds = qd.as_expr().subs(s)
if conds == 'piecewise' and DE.x not in qds.free_symbols:
# We have to be careful if the exponent is S.Zero!
# XXX: Does qd = 0 always necessarily correspond to the exponential
# equaling 1?
ret += Piecewise(
(qas/qds, Ne(qds, 0)),
(integrate((p - i).subs(DE.t, 1).subs(s), DE.x), True)
)
else:
ret += qas/qds
if not b:
i = p - (qd*derivation(qa, DE) - qa*derivation(qd, DE)).as_expr()/\
(qd**2).as_expr()
i = NonElementaryIntegral(cancel(i).subs(s), DE.x)
return (ret, i, b)
def integrate_hypertangent_polynomial(p, DE):
"""
Integration of hypertangent polynomials.
Explanation
===========
Given a differential field k such that sqrt(-1) is not in k, a
hypertangent monomial t over k, and p in k[t], return q in k[t] and
c in k such that p - Dq - c*D(t**2 + 1)/(t**1 + 1) is in k and p -
Dq does not have an elementary integral over k(t) if Dc != 0.
"""
# XXX: Make sure that sqrt(-1) is not in k.
q, r = polynomial_reduce(p, DE)
a = DE.d.exquo(Poly(DE.t**2 + 1, DE.t))
c = Poly(r.nth(1)/(2*a.as_expr()), DE.t)
return (q, c)
def integrate_nonlinear_no_specials(a, d, DE, z=None):
"""
Integration of nonlinear monomials with no specials.
Explanation
===========
Given a nonlinear monomial t over k such that Sirr ({p in k[t] | p is
special, monic, and irreducible}) is empty, and f in k(t), returns g
elementary over k(t) and a Boolean b in {True, False} such that f - Dg is
in k if b == True, or f - Dg does not have an elementary integral over k(t)
if b == False.
This function is applicable to all nonlinear extensions, but in the case
where it returns b == False, it will only have proven that the integral of
f - Dg is nonelementary if Sirr is empty.
This function returns a Basic expression.
"""
# TODO: Integral from k?
# TODO: split out nonelementary integral
# XXX: a and d must be canceled, or this might not return correct results
z = z or Dummy("z")
s = list(zip(reversed(DE.T), reversed([f(DE.x) for f in DE.Tfuncs])))
g1, h, r = hermite_reduce(a, d, DE)
g2, b = residue_reduce(h[0], h[1], DE, z=z)
if not b:
return ((g1[0].as_expr()/g1[1].as_expr()).subs(s) +
residue_reduce_to_basic(g2, DE, z), b)
# Because f has no specials, this should be a polynomial in t, or else
# there is a bug.
p = cancel(h[0].as_expr()/h[1].as_expr() - residue_reduce_derivation(g2,
DE, z).as_expr() + r[0].as_expr()/r[1].as_expr()).as_poly(DE.t)
q1, q2 = polynomial_reduce(p, DE)
if q2.expr.has(DE.t):
b = False
else:
b = True
ret = (cancel(g1[0].as_expr()/g1[1].as_expr() + q1.as_expr()).subs(s) +
residue_reduce_to_basic(g2, DE, z))
return (ret, b)
class NonElementaryIntegral(Integral):
"""
Represents a nonelementary Integral.
Explanation
===========
If the result of integrate() is an instance of this class, it is
guaranteed to be nonelementary. Note that integrate() by default will try
to find any closed-form solution, even in terms of special functions which
may themselves not be elementary. To make integrate() only give
elementary solutions, or, in the cases where it can prove the integral to
be nonelementary, instances of this class, use integrate(risch=True).
In this case, integrate() may raise NotImplementedError if it cannot make
such a determination.
integrate() uses the deterministic Risch algorithm to integrate elementary
functions or prove that they have no elementary integral. In some cases,
this algorithm can split an integral into an elementary and nonelementary
part, so that the result of integrate will be the sum of an elementary
expression and a NonElementaryIntegral.
Examples
========
>>> from sympy import integrate, exp, log, Integral
>>> from sympy.abc import x
>>> a = integrate(exp(-x**2), x, risch=True)
>>> print(a)
Integral(exp(-x**2), x)
>>> type(a)
<class 'sympy.integrals.risch.NonElementaryIntegral'>
>>> expr = (2*log(x)**2 - log(x) - x**2)/(log(x)**3 - x**2*log(x))
>>> b = integrate(expr, x, risch=True)
>>> print(b)
-log(-x + log(x))/2 + log(x + log(x))/2 + Integral(1/log(x), x)
>>> type(b.atoms(Integral).pop())
<class 'sympy.integrals.risch.NonElementaryIntegral'>
"""
# TODO: This is useful in and of itself, because isinstance(result,
# NonElementaryIntegral) will tell if the integral has been proven to be
# elementary. But should we do more? Perhaps a no-op .doit() if
# elementary=True? Or maybe some information on why the integral is
# nonelementary.
pass
def risch_integrate(f, x, extension=None, handle_first='log',
separate_integral=False, rewrite_complex=None,
conds='piecewise'):
r"""
The Risch Integration Algorithm.
Explanation
===========
Only transcendental functions are supported. Currently, only exponentials
and logarithms are supported, but support for trigonometric functions is
forthcoming.
If this function returns an unevaluated Integral in the result, it means
that it has proven that integral to be nonelementary. Any errors will
result in raising NotImplementedError. The unevaluated Integral will be
an instance of NonElementaryIntegral, a subclass of Integral.
handle_first may be either 'exp' or 'log'. This changes the order in
which the extension is built, and may result in a different (but
equivalent) solution (for an example of this, see issue 5109). It is also
possible that the integral may be computed with one but not the other,
because not all cases have been implemented yet. It defaults to 'log' so
that the outer extension is exponential when possible, because more of the
exponential case has been implemented.
If ``separate_integral`` is ``True``, the result is returned as a tuple (ans, i),
where the integral is ans + i, ans is elementary, and i is either a
NonElementaryIntegral or 0. This useful if you want to try further
integrating the NonElementaryIntegral part using other algorithms to
possibly get a solution in terms of special functions. It is False by
default.
Examples
========
>>> from sympy.integrals.risch import risch_integrate
>>> from sympy import exp, log, pprint
>>> from sympy.abc import x
First, we try integrating exp(-x**2). Except for a constant factor of
2/sqrt(pi), this is the famous error function.
>>> pprint(risch_integrate(exp(-x**2), x))
/
|
| 2
| -x
| e dx
|
/
The unevaluated Integral in the result means that risch_integrate() has
proven that exp(-x**2) does not have an elementary anti-derivative.
In many cases, risch_integrate() can split out the elementary
anti-derivative part from the nonelementary anti-derivative part.
For example,
>>> pprint(risch_integrate((2*log(x)**2 - log(x) - x**2)/(log(x)**3 -
... x**2*log(x)), x))
/
|
log(-x + log(x)) log(x + log(x)) | 1
- ---------------- + --------------- + | ------ dx
2 2 | log(x)
|
/
This means that it has proven that the integral of 1/log(x) is
nonelementary. This function is also known as the logarithmic integral,
and is often denoted as Li(x).
risch_integrate() currently only accepts purely transcendental functions
with exponentials and logarithms, though note that this can include
nested exponentials and logarithms, as well as exponentials with bases
other than E.
>>> pprint(risch_integrate(exp(x)*exp(exp(x)), x))
/ x\
\e /
e
>>> pprint(risch_integrate(exp(exp(x)), x))
/
|
| / x\
| \e /
| e dx
|
/
>>> pprint(risch_integrate(x*x**x*log(x) + x**x + x*x**x, x))
x
x*x
>>> pprint(risch_integrate(x**x, x))
/
|
| x
| x dx
|
/
>>> pprint(risch_integrate(-1/(x*log(x)*log(log(x))**2), x))
1
-----------
log(log(x))
"""
f = S(f)
DE = extension or DifferentialExtension(f, x, handle_first=handle_first,
dummy=True, rewrite_complex=rewrite_complex)
fa, fd = DE.fa, DE.fd
result = S.Zero
for case in reversed(DE.cases):
if not fa.expr.has(DE.t) and not fd.expr.has(DE.t) and not case == 'base':
DE.decrement_level()
fa, fd = frac_in((fa, fd), DE.t)
continue
fa, fd = fa.cancel(fd, include=True)
if case == 'exp':
ans, i, b = integrate_hyperexponential(fa, fd, DE, conds=conds)
elif case == 'primitive':
ans, i, b = integrate_primitive(fa, fd, DE)
elif case == 'base':
# XXX: We can't call ratint() directly here because it doesn't
# handle polynomials correctly.
ans = integrate(fa.as_expr()/fd.as_expr(), DE.x, risch=False)
b = False
i = S.Zero
else:
raise NotImplementedError("Only exponential and logarithmic "
"extensions are currently supported.")
result += ans
if b:
DE.decrement_level()
fa, fd = frac_in(i, DE.t)
else:
result = result.subs(DE.backsubs)
if not i.is_zero:
i = NonElementaryIntegral(i.function.subs(DE.backsubs),i.limits)
if not separate_integral:
result += i
return result
else:
if isinstance(i, NonElementaryIntegral):
return (result, i)
else:
return (result, 0)