from __future__ import annotations
import email.utils
import re
import typing as t
import warnings
from datetime import date
from datetime import datetime
from datetime import time
from datetime import timedelta
from datetime import timezone
from enum import Enum
from hashlib import sha1
from time import mktime
from time import struct_time
from urllib.parse import quote
from urllib.parse import unquote
from urllib.request import parse_http_list as _parse_list_header
from ._internal import _dt_as_utc
from ._internal import _plain_float
from ._internal import _plain_int
if t.TYPE_CHECKING:
from _typeshed.wsgi import WSGIEnvironment
_token_chars = frozenset(
"!#$%&'*+-.0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz|~"
)
_etag_re = re.compile(r'([Ww]/)?(?:"(.*?)"|(.*?))(?:\s*,\s*|$)')
_entity_headers = frozenset(
[
"allow",
"content-encoding",
"content-language",
"content-length",
"content-location",
"content-md5",
"content-range",
"content-type",
"expires",
"last-modified",
]
)
_hop_by_hop_headers = frozenset(
[
"connection",
"keep-alive",
"proxy-authenticate",
"proxy-authorization",
"te",
"trailer",
"transfer-encoding",
"upgrade",
]
)
HTTP_STATUS_CODES = {
100: "Continue",
101: "Switching Protocols",
102: "Processing",
103: "Early Hints", # see RFC 8297
200: "OK",
201: "Created",
202: "Accepted",
203: "Non Authoritative Information",
204: "No Content",
205: "Reset Content",
206: "Partial Content",
207: "Multi Status",
208: "Already Reported", # see RFC 5842
226: "IM Used", # see RFC 3229
300: "Multiple Choices",
301: "Moved Permanently",
302: "Found",
303: "See Other",
304: "Not Modified",
305: "Use Proxy",
306: "Switch Proxy", # unused
307: "Temporary Redirect",
308: "Permanent Redirect",
400: "Bad Request",
401: "Unauthorized",
402: "Payment Required", # unused
403: "Forbidden",
404: "Not Found",
405: "Method Not Allowed",
406: "Not Acceptable",
407: "Proxy Authentication Required",
408: "Request Timeout",
409: "Conflict",
410: "Gone",
411: "Length Required",
412: "Precondition Failed",
413: "Request Entity Too Large",
414: "Request URI Too Long",
415: "Unsupported Media Type",
416: "Requested Range Not Satisfiable",
417: "Expectation Failed",
418: "I'm a teapot", # see RFC 2324
421: "Misdirected Request", # see RFC 7540
422: "Unprocessable Entity",
423: "Locked",
424: "Failed Dependency",
425: "Too Early", # see RFC 8470
426: "Upgrade Required",
428: "Precondition Required", # see RFC 6585
429: "Too Many Requests",
431: "Request Header Fields Too Large",
449: "Retry With", # proprietary MS extension
451: "Unavailable For Legal Reasons",
500: "Internal Server Error",
501: "Not Implemented",
502: "Bad Gateway",
503: "Service Unavailable",
504: "Gateway Timeout",
505: "HTTP Version Not Supported",
506: "Variant Also Negotiates", # see RFC 2295
507: "Insufficient Storage",
508: "Loop Detected", # see RFC 5842
510: "Not Extended",
511: "Network Authentication Failed",
}
class COEP(Enum):
"""Cross Origin Embedder Policies"""
UNSAFE_NONE = "unsafe-none"
REQUIRE_CORP = "require-corp"
class COOP(Enum):
"""Cross Origin Opener Policies"""
UNSAFE_NONE = "unsafe-none"
SAME_ORIGIN_ALLOW_POPUPS = "same-origin-allow-popups"
SAME_ORIGIN = "same-origin"
def quote_header_value(
value: t.Any,
extra_chars: str | None = None,
allow_token: bool = True,
) -> str:
"""Add double quotes around a header value. If the header contains only ASCII token
characters, it will be returned unchanged. If the header contains ``"`` or ``\\``
characters, they will be escaped with an additional ``\\`` character.
This is the reverse of :func:`unquote_header_value`.
:param value: The value to quote. Will be converted to a string.
:param allow_token: Disable to quote the value even if it only has token characters.
.. versionchanged:: 2.3
The value is quoted if it is the empty string.
.. versionchanged:: 2.3
Passing bytes is deprecated and will not be supported in Werkzeug 3.0.
.. versionchanged:: 2.3
The ``extra_chars`` parameter is deprecated and will be removed in Werkzeug 3.0.
.. versionadded:: 0.5
"""
if isinstance(value, bytes):
warnings.warn(
"Passing bytes is deprecated and will not be supported in Werkzeug 3.0.",
DeprecationWarning,
stacklevel=2,
)
value = value.decode("latin1")
if extra_chars is not None:
warnings.warn(
"The 'extra_chars' parameter is deprecated and will be"
" removed in Werkzeug 3.0.",
DeprecationWarning,
stacklevel=2,
)
value = str(value)
if not value:
return '""'
if allow_token:
token_chars = _token_chars
if extra_chars:
token_chars |= set(extra_chars)
if token_chars.issuperset(value):
return value
value = value.replace("\\", "\\\\").replace('"', '\\"')
return f'"{value}"'
def unquote_header_value(value: str, is_filename: bool | None = None) -> str:
"""Remove double quotes and decode slash-escaped ``"`` and ``\\`` characters in a
header value.
This is the reverse of :func:`quote_header_value`.
:param value: The header value to unquote.
.. versionchanged:: 2.3
The ``is_filename`` parameter is deprecated and will be removed in Werkzeug 3.0.
"""
if is_filename is not None:
warnings.warn(
"The 'is_filename' parameter is deprecated and will be"
" removed in Werkzeug 3.0.",
DeprecationWarning,
stacklevel=2,
)
if len(value) >= 2 and value[0] == value[-1] == '"':
value = value[1:-1]
if not is_filename:
return value.replace("\\\\", "\\").replace('\\"', '"')
return value
def dump_options_header(header: str | None, options: t.Mapping[str, t.Any]) -> str:
"""Produce a header value and ``key=value`` parameters separated by semicolons
``;``. For example, the ``Content-Type`` header.
.. code-block:: python
dump_options_header("text/html", {"charset": "UTF-8"})
'text/html; charset=UTF-8'
This is the reverse of :func:`parse_options_header`.
If a value contains non-token characters, it will be quoted.
If a value is ``None``, the parameter is skipped.
In some keys for some headers, a UTF-8 value can be encoded using a special
``key*=UTF-8''value`` form, where ``value`` is percent encoded. This function will
not produce that format automatically, but if a given key ends with an asterisk
``*``, the value is assumed to have that form and will not be quoted further.
:param header: The primary header value.
:param options: Parameters to encode as ``key=value`` pairs.
.. versionchanged:: 2.3
Keys with ``None`` values are skipped rather than treated as a bare key.
.. versionchanged:: 2.2.3
If a key ends with ``*``, its value will not be quoted.
"""
segments = []
if header is not None:
segments.append(header)
for key, value in options.items():
if value is None:
continue
if key[-1] == "*":
segments.append(f"{key}={value}")
else:
segments.append(f"{key}={quote_header_value(value)}")
return "; ".join(segments)
def dump_header(
iterable: dict[str, t.Any] | t.Iterable[t.Any],
allow_token: bool | None = None,
) -> str:
"""Produce a header value from a list of items or ``key=value`` pairs, separated by
commas ``,``.
This is the reverse of :func:`parse_list_header`, :func:`parse_dict_header`, and
:func:`parse_set_header`.
If a value contains non-token characters, it will be quoted.
If a value is ``None``, the key is output alone.
In some keys for some headers, a UTF-8 value can be encoded using a special
``key*=UTF-8''value`` form, where ``value`` is percent encoded. This function will
not produce that format automatically, but if a given key ends with an asterisk
``*``, the value is assumed to have that form and will not be quoted further.
.. code-block:: python
dump_header(["foo", "bar baz"])
'foo, "bar baz"'
dump_header({"foo": "bar baz"})
'foo="bar baz"'
:param iterable: The items to create a header from.
.. versionchanged:: 2.3
The ``allow_token`` parameter is deprecated and will be removed in Werkzeug 3.0.
.. versionchanged:: 2.2.3
If a key ends with ``*``, its value will not be quoted.
"""
if allow_token is not None:
warnings.warn(
"'The 'allow_token' parameter is deprecated and will be"
" removed in Werkzeug 3.0.",
DeprecationWarning,
stacklevel=2,
)
else:
allow_token = True
if isinstance(iterable, dict):
items = []
for key, value in iterable.items():
if value is None:
items.append(key)
elif key[-1] == "*":
items.append(f"{key}={value}")
else:
items.append(
f"{key}={quote_header_value(value, allow_token=allow_token)}"
)
else:
items = [quote_header_value(x, allow_token=allow_token) for x in iterable]
return ", ".join(items)
def dump_csp_header(header: ds.ContentSecurityPolicy) -> str:
"""Dump a Content Security Policy header.
These are structured into policies such as "default-src 'self';
script-src 'self'".
.. versionadded:: 1.0.0
Support for Content Security Policy headers was added.
"""
return "; ".join(f"{key} {value}" for key, value in header.items())
def parse_list_header(value: str) -> list[str]:
"""Parse a header value that consists of a list of comma separated items according
to `RFC 9110 <https://httpwg.org/specs/rfc9110.html#abnf.extension>`__.
This extends :func:`urllib.request.parse_http_list` to remove surrounding quotes
from values.
.. code-block:: python
parse_list_header('token, "quoted value"')
['token', 'quoted value']
This is the reverse of :func:`dump_header`.
:param value: The header value to parse.
"""
result = []
for item in _parse_list_header(value):
if len(item) >= 2 and item[0] == item[-1] == '"':
item = item[1:-1]
result.append(item)
return result
def parse_dict_header(value: str, cls: type[dict] | None = None) -> dict[str, str]:
"""Parse a list header using :func:`parse_list_header`, then parse each item as a
``key=value`` pair.
.. code-block:: python
parse_dict_header('a=b, c="d, e", f')
{"a": "b", "c": "d, e", "f": None}
This is the reverse of :func:`dump_header`.
If a key does not have a value, it is ``None``.
This handles charsets for values as described in
`RFC 2231 <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2231#section-3>`__. Only ASCII, UTF-8,
and ISO-8859-1 charsets are accepted, otherwise the value remains quoted.
:param value: The header value to parse.
.. versionchanged:: 2.3
Added support for ``key*=charset''value`` encoded items.
.. versionchanged:: 2.3
Passing bytes is deprecated, support will be removed in Werkzeug 3.0.
.. versionchanged:: 2.3
The ``cls`` argument is deprecated and will be removed in Werkzeug 3.0.
.. versionchanged:: 0.9
The ``cls`` argument was added.
"""
if cls is None:
cls = dict
else:
warnings.warn(
"The 'cls' parameter is deprecated and will be removed in Werkzeug 3.0.",
DeprecationWarning,
stacklevel=2,
)
result = cls()
if isinstance(value, bytes):
warnings.warn(
"Passing bytes is deprecated and will be removed in Werkzeug 3.0.",
DeprecationWarning,
stacklevel=2,
)
value = value.decode("latin1")
for item in parse_list_header(value):
key, has_value, value = item.partition("=")
key = key.strip()
if not has_value:
result[key] = None
continue
value = value.strip()
encoding: str | None = None
if key[-1] == "*":
# key*=charset''value becomes key=value, where value is percent encoded
# adapted from parse_options_header, without the continuation handling
key = key[:-1]
match = _charset_value_re.match(value)
if match:
# If there is a charset marker in the value, split it off.
encoding, value = match.groups()
encoding = encoding.lower()
# A safe list of encodings. Modern clients should only send ASCII or UTF-8.
# This list will not be extended further. An invalid encoding will leave the
# value quoted.
if encoding in {"ascii", "us-ascii", "utf-8", "iso-8859-1"}:
# invalid bytes are replaced during unquoting
value = unquote(value, encoding=encoding)
if len(value) >= 2 and value[0] == value[-1] == '"':
value = value[1:-1]
result[key] = value
return result
# https://httpwg.org/specs/rfc9110.html#parameter
_parameter_re = re.compile(
r"""
# don't match multiple empty parts, that causes backtracking
\s*;\s* # find the part delimiter
(?:
([\w!#$%&'*+\-.^`|~]+) # key, one or more token chars
= # equals, with no space on either side
( # value, token or quoted string
[\w!#$%&'*+\-.^`|~]+ # one or more token chars
|
"(?:\\\\|\\"|.)*?" # quoted string, consuming slash escapes
)
)? # optionally match key=value, to account for empty parts
""",
re.ASCII | re.VERBOSE,
)
# https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2231#section-4
_charset_value_re = re.compile(
r"""
([\w!#$%&*+\-.^`|~]*)' # charset part, could be empty
[\w!#$%&*+\-.^`|~]*' # don't care about language part, usually empty
([\w!#$%&'*+\-.^`|~]+) # one or more token chars with percent encoding
""",
re.ASCII | re.VERBOSE,
)
# https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2231#section-3
_continuation_re = re.compile(r"\*(\d+)$", re.ASCII)
def parse_options_header(value: str | None) -> tuple[str, dict[str, str]]:
"""Parse a header that consists of a value with ``key=value`` parameters separated
by semicolons ``;``. For example, the ``Content-Type`` header.
.. code-block:: python
parse_options_header("text/html; charset=UTF-8")
('text/html', {'charset': 'UTF-8'})
parse_options_header("")
("", {})
This is the reverse of :func:`dump_options_header`.
This parses valid parameter parts as described in
`RFC 9110 <https://httpwg.org/specs/rfc9110.html#parameter>`__. Invalid parts are
skipped.
This handles continuations and charsets as described in
`RFC 2231 <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2231#section-3>`__, although not as
strictly as the RFC. Only ASCII, UTF-8, and ISO-8859-1 charsets are accepted,
otherwise the value remains quoted.
Clients may not be consistent in how they handle a quote character within a quoted
value. The `HTML Standard <https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#multipart-form-data>`__
replaces it with ``%22`` in multipart form data.
`RFC 9110 <https://httpwg.org/specs/rfc9110.html#quoted.strings>`__ uses backslash
escapes in HTTP headers. Both are decoded to the ``"`` character.
Clients may not be consistent in how they handle non-ASCII characters. HTML
documents must declare ``<meta charset=UTF-8>``, otherwise browsers may replace with
HTML character references, which can be decoded using :func:`html.unescape`.
:param value: The header value to parse.
:return: ``(value, options)``, where ``options`` is a dict
.. versionchanged:: 2.3
Invalid parts, such as keys with no value, quoted keys, and incorrectly quoted
values, are discarded instead of treating as ``None``.
.. versionchanged:: 2.3
Only ASCII, UTF-8, and ISO-8859-1 are accepted for charset values.
.. versionchanged:: 2.3
Escaped quotes in quoted values, like ``%22`` and ``\\"``, are handled.
.. versionchanged:: 2.2
Option names are always converted to lowercase.
.. versionchanged:: 2.2
The ``multiple`` parameter was removed.
.. versionchanged:: 0.15
:rfc:`2231` parameter continuations are handled.
.. versionadded:: 0.5
"""
if value is None:
return "", {}
value, _, rest = value.partition(";")
value = value.strip()
rest = rest.strip()
if not value or not rest:
# empty (invalid) value, or value without options
return value, {}
rest = f";{rest}"
options: dict[str, str] = {}
encoding: str | None = None
continued_encoding: str | None = None
for pk, pv in _parameter_re.findall(rest):
if not pk:
# empty or invalid part
continue
pk = pk.lower()
if pk[-1] == "*":
# key*=charset''value becomes key=value, where value is percent encoded
pk = pk[:-1]
match = _charset_value_re.match(pv)
if match:
# If there is a valid charset marker in the value, split it off.
encoding, pv = match.groups()
# This might be the empty string, handled next.
encoding = encoding.lower()
# No charset marker, or marker with empty charset value.
if not encoding:
encoding = continued_encoding
# A safe list of encodings. Modern clients should only send ASCII or UTF-8.
# This list will not be extended further. An invalid encoding will leave the
# value quoted.
if encoding in {"ascii", "us-ascii", "utf-8", "iso-8859-1"}:
# Continuation parts don't require their own charset marker. This is
# looser than the RFC, it will persist across different keys and allows
# changing the charset during a continuation. But this implementation is
# much simpler than tracking the full state.
continued_encoding = encoding
# invalid bytes are replaced during unquoting
pv = unquote(pv, encoding=encoding)
# Remove quotes. At this point the value cannot be empty or a single quote.
if pv[0] == pv[-1] == '"':
# HTTP headers use slash, multipart form data uses percent
pv = pv[1:-1].replace("\\\\", "\\").replace('\\"', '"').replace("%22", '"')
match = _continuation_re.search(pk)
if match:
# key*0=a; key*1=b becomes key=ab
pk = pk[: match.start()]
options[pk] = options.get(pk, "") + pv
else:
options[pk] = pv
return value, options
_TAnyAccept = t.TypeVar("_TAnyAccept", bound="ds.Accept")
@t.overload
def parse_accept_header(value: str | None) -> ds.Accept:
...
@t.overload
def parse_accept_header(value: str | None, cls: type[_TAnyAccept]) -> _TAnyAccept:
...
def parse_accept_header(
value: str | None, cls: type[_TAnyAccept] | None = None
) -> _TAnyAccept:
"""Parse an ``Accept`` header according to
`RFC 9110 <https://httpwg.org/specs/rfc9110.html#field.accept>`__.
Returns an :class:`.Accept` instance, which can sort and inspect items based on
their quality parameter. When parsing ``Accept-Charset``, ``Accept-Encoding``, or
``Accept-Language``, pass the appropriate :class:`.Accept` subclass.
:param value: The header value to parse.
:param cls: The :class:`.Accept` class to wrap the result in.
:return: An instance of ``cls``.
.. versionchanged:: 2.3
Parse according to RFC 9110. Items with invalid ``q`` values are skipped.
"""
if cls is None:
cls = t.cast(t.Type[_TAnyAccept], ds.Accept)
if not value:
return cls(None)
result = []
for item in parse_list_header(value):
item, options = parse_options_header(item)
if "q" in options:
try:
# pop q, remaining options are reconstructed
q = _plain_float(options.pop("q"))
except ValueError:
# ignore an invalid q
continue
if q < 0 or q > 1:
# ignore an invalid q
continue
else:
q = 1
if options:
# reconstruct the media type with any options
item = dump_options_header(item, options)
result.append((item, q))
return cls(result)
_TAnyCC = t.TypeVar("_TAnyCC", bound="ds.cache_control._CacheControl")
_t_cc_update = t.Optional[t.Callable[[_TAnyCC], None]]
@t.overload
def parse_cache_control_header(
value: str | None, on_update: _t_cc_update, cls: None = None
) -> ds.RequestCacheControl:
...
@t.overload
def parse_cache_control_header(
value: str | None, on_update: _t_cc_update, cls: type[_TAnyCC]
) -> _TAnyCC:
...
def parse_cache_control_header(
value: str | None,
on_update: _t_cc_update = None,
cls: type[_TAnyCC] | None = None,
) -> _TAnyCC:
"""Parse a cache control header. The RFC differs between response and
request cache control, this method does not. It's your responsibility
to not use the wrong control statements.
.. versionadded:: 0.5
The `cls` was added. If not specified an immutable
:class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.RequestCacheControl` is returned.
:param value: a cache control header to be parsed.
:param on_update: an optional callable that is called every time a value
on the :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.CacheControl`
object is changed.
:param cls: the class for the returned object. By default
:class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.RequestCacheControl` is used.
:return: a `cls` object.
"""
if cls is None:
cls = t.cast(t.Type[_TAnyCC], ds.RequestCacheControl)
if not value:
return cls((), on_update)
return cls(parse_dict_header(value), on_update)
_TAnyCSP = t.TypeVar("_TAnyCSP", bound="ds.ContentSecurityPolicy")
_t_csp_update = t.Optional[t.Callable[[_TAnyCSP], None]]
@t.overload
def parse_csp_header(
value: str | None, on_update: _t_csp_update, cls: None = None
) -> ds.ContentSecurityPolicy:
...
@t.overload
def parse_csp_header(
value: str | None, on_update: _t_csp_update, cls: type[_TAnyCSP]
) -> _TAnyCSP:
...
def parse_csp_header(
value: str | None,
on_update: _t_csp_update = None,
cls: type[_TAnyCSP] | None = None,
) -> _TAnyCSP:
"""Parse a Content Security Policy header.
.. versionadded:: 1.0.0
Support for Content Security Policy headers was added.
:param value: a csp header to be parsed.
:param on_update: an optional callable that is called every time a value
on the object is changed.
:param cls: the class for the returned object. By default
:class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.ContentSecurityPolicy` is used.
:return: a `cls` object.
"""
if cls is None:
cls = t.cast(t.Type[_TAnyCSP], ds.ContentSecurityPolicy)
if value is None:
return cls((), on_update)
items = []
for policy in value.split(";"):
policy = policy.strip()
# Ignore badly formatted policies (no space)
if " " in policy:
directive, value = policy.strip().split(" ", 1)
items.append((directive.strip(), value.strip()))
return cls(items, on_update)
def parse_set_header(
value: str | None,
on_update: t.Callable[[ds.HeaderSet], None] | None = None,
) -> ds.HeaderSet:
"""Parse a set-like header and return a
:class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.HeaderSet` object:
>>> hs = parse_set_header('token, "quoted value"')
The return value is an object that treats the items case-insensitively
and keeps the order of the items:
>>> 'TOKEN' in hs
True
>>> hs.index('quoted value')
1
>>> hs
HeaderSet(['token', 'quoted value'])
To create a header from the :class:`HeaderSet` again, use the
:func:`dump_header` function.
:param value: a set header to be parsed.
:param on_update: an optional callable that is called every time a
value on the :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.HeaderSet`
object is changed.
:return: a :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.HeaderSet`
"""
if not value:
return ds.HeaderSet(None, on_update)
return ds.HeaderSet(parse_list_header(value), on_update)
def parse_authorization_header(
value: str | None,
) -> ds.Authorization | None:
"""Parse an HTTP basic/digest authorization header transmitted by the web
browser. The return value is either `None` if the header was invalid or
not given, otherwise an :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.Authorization`
object.
:param value: the authorization header to parse.
:return: a :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.Authorization` object or `None`.
.. deprecated:: 2.3
Will be removed in Werkzeug 3.0. Use :meth:`.Authorization.from_header` instead.
"""
from .datastructures import Authorization
warnings.warn(
"'parse_authorization_header' is deprecated and will be removed in Werkzeug"
" 2.4. Use 'Authorization.from_header' instead.",
DeprecationWarning,
stacklevel=2,
)
return Authorization.from_header(value)
def parse_www_authenticate_header(
value: str | None,
on_update: t.Callable[[ds.WWWAuthenticate], None] | None = None,
) -> ds.WWWAuthenticate:
"""Parse an HTTP WWW-Authenticate header into a
:class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.WWWAuthenticate` object.
:param value: a WWW-Authenticate header to parse.
:param on_update: an optional callable that is called every time a value
on the :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.WWWAuthenticate`
object is changed.
:return: a :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.WWWAuthenticate` object.
.. deprecated:: 2.3
Will be removed in Werkzeug 3.0. Use :meth:`.WWWAuthenticate.from_header`
instead.
"""
from .datastructures.auth import WWWAuthenticate
warnings.warn(
"'parse_www_authenticate_header' is deprecated and will be removed in Werkzeug"
" 2.4. Use 'WWWAuthenticate.from_header' instead.",
DeprecationWarning,
stacklevel=2,
)
rv = WWWAuthenticate.from_header(value)
if rv is None:
rv = WWWAuthenticate("basic")
rv._on_update = on_update
return rv
def parse_if_range_header(value: str | None) -> ds.IfRange:
"""Parses an if-range header which can be an etag or a date. Returns
a :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.IfRange` object.
.. versionchanged:: 2.0
If the value represents a datetime, it is timezone-aware.
.. versionadded:: 0.7
"""
if not value:
return ds.IfRange()
date = parse_date(value)
if date is not None:
return ds.IfRange(date=date)
# drop weakness information
return ds.IfRange(unquote_etag(value)[0])
def parse_range_header(
value: str | None, make_inclusive: bool = True
) -> ds.Range | None:
"""Parses a range header into a :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.Range`
object. If the header is missing or malformed `None` is returned.
`ranges` is a list of ``(start, stop)`` tuples where the ranges are
non-inclusive.
.. versionadded:: 0.7
"""
if not value or "=" not in value:
return None
ranges = []
last_end = 0
units, rng = value.split("=", 1)
units = units.strip().lower()
for item in rng.split(","):
item = item.strip()
if "-" not in item:
return None
if item.startswith("-"):
if last_end < 0:
return None
try:
begin = _plain_int(item)
except ValueError:
return None
end = None
last_end = -1
elif "-" in item:
begin_str, end_str = item.split("-", 1)
begin_str = begin_str.strip()
end_str = end_str.strip()
try:
begin = _plain_int(begin_str)
except ValueError:
return None
if begin < last_end or last_end < 0:
return None
if end_str:
try:
end = _plain_int(end_str) + 1
except ValueError:
return None
if begin >= end:
return None
else:
end = None
last_end = end if end is not None else -1
ranges.append((begin, end))
return ds.Range(units, ranges)
def parse_content_range_header(
value: str | None,
on_update: t.Callable[[ds.ContentRange], None] | None = None,
) -> ds.ContentRange | None:
"""Parses a range header into a
:class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.ContentRange` object or `None` if
parsing is not possible.
.. versionadded:: 0.7
:param value: a content range header to be parsed.
:param on_update: an optional callable that is called every time a value
on the :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.ContentRange`
object is changed.
"""
if value is None:
return None
try:
units, rangedef = (value or "").strip().split(None, 1)
except ValueError:
return None
if "/" not in rangedef:
return None
rng, length_str = rangedef.split("/", 1)
if length_str == "*":
length = None
else:
try:
length = _plain_int(length_str)
except ValueError:
return None
if rng == "*":
if not is_byte_range_valid(None, None, length):
return None
return ds.ContentRange(units, None, None, length, on_update=on_update)
elif "-" not in rng:
return None
start_str, stop_str = rng.split("-", 1)
try:
start = _plain_int(start_str)
stop = _plain_int(stop_str) + 1
except ValueError:
return None
if is_byte_range_valid(start, stop, length):
return ds.ContentRange(units, start, stop, length, on_update=on_update)
return None
def quote_etag(etag: str, weak: bool = False) -> str:
"""Quote an etag.
:param etag: the etag to quote.
:param weak: set to `True` to tag it "weak".
"""
if '"' in etag:
raise ValueError("invalid etag")
etag = f'"{etag}"'
if weak:
etag = f"W/{etag}"
return etag
def unquote_etag(
etag: str | None,
) -> tuple[str, bool] | tuple[None, None]:
"""Unquote a single etag:
>>> unquote_etag('W/"bar"')
('bar', True)
>>> unquote_etag('"bar"')
('bar', False)
:param etag: the etag identifier to unquote.
:return: a ``(etag, weak)`` tuple.
"""
if not etag:
return None, None
etag = etag.strip()
weak = False
if etag.startswith(("W/", "w/")):
weak = True
etag = etag[2:]
if etag[:1] == etag[-1:] == '"':
etag = etag[1:-1]
return etag, weak
def parse_etags(value: str | None) -> ds.ETags:
"""Parse an etag header.
:param value: the tag header to parse
:return: an :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.ETags` object.
"""
if not value:
return ds.ETags()
strong = []
weak = []
end = len(value)
pos = 0
while pos < end:
match = _etag_re.match(value, pos)
if match is None:
break
is_weak, quoted, raw = match.groups()
if raw == "*":
return ds.ETags(star_tag=True)
elif quoted:
raw = quoted
if is_weak:
weak.append(raw)
else:
strong.append(raw)
pos = match.end()
return ds.ETags(strong, weak)
def generate_etag(data: bytes) -> str:
"""Generate an etag for some data.
.. versionchanged:: 2.0
Use SHA-1. MD5 may not be available in some environments.
"""
return sha1(data).hexdigest()
def parse_date(value: str | None) -> datetime | None:
"""Parse an :rfc:`2822` date into a timezone-aware
:class:`datetime.datetime` object, or ``None`` if parsing fails.
This is a wrapper for :func:`email.utils.parsedate_to_datetime`. It
returns ``None`` if parsing fails instead of raising an exception,
and always returns a timezone-aware datetime object. If the string
doesn't have timezone information, it is assumed to be UTC.
:param value: A string with a supported date format.
.. versionchanged:: 2.0
Return a timezone-aware datetime object. Use
``email.utils.parsedate_to_datetime``.
"""
if value is None:
return None
try:
dt = email.utils.parsedate_to_datetime(value)
except (TypeError, ValueError):
return None
if dt.tzinfo is None:
return dt.replace(tzinfo=timezone.utc)
return dt
def http_date(
timestamp: datetime | date | int | float | struct_time | None = None,
) -> str:
"""Format a datetime object or timestamp into an :rfc:`2822` date
string.
This is a wrapper for :func:`email.utils.format_datetime`. It
assumes naive datetime objects are in UTC instead of raising an
exception.
:param timestamp: The datetime or timestamp to format. Defaults to
the current time.
.. versionchanged:: 2.0
Use ``email.utils.format_datetime``. Accept ``date`` objects.
"""
if isinstance(timestamp, date):
if not isinstance(timestamp, datetime):
# Assume plain date is midnight UTC.
timestamp = datetime.combine(timestamp, time(), tzinfo=timezone.utc)
else:
# Ensure datetime is timezone-aware.
timestamp = _dt_as_utc(timestamp)
return email.utils.format_datetime(timestamp, usegmt=True)
if isinstance(timestamp, struct_time):
timestamp = mktime(timestamp)
return email.utils.formatdate(timestamp, usegmt=True)
def parse_age(value: str | None = None) -> timedelta | None:
"""Parses a base-10 integer count of seconds into a timedelta.
If parsing fails, the return value is `None`.
:param value: a string consisting of an integer represented in base-10
:return: a :class:`datetime.timedelta` object or `None`.
"""
if not value:
return None
try:
seconds = int(value)
except ValueError:
return None
if seconds < 0:
return None
try:
return timedelta(seconds=seconds)
except OverflowError:
return None
def dump_age(age: timedelta | int | None = None) -> str | None:
"""Formats the duration as a base-10 integer.
:param age: should be an integer number of seconds,
a :class:`datetime.timedelta` object, or,
if the age is unknown, `None` (default).
"""
if age is None:
return None
if isinstance(age, timedelta):
age = int(age.total_seconds())
else:
age = int(age)
if age < 0:
raise ValueError("age cannot be negative")
return str(age)
def is_resource_modified(
environ: WSGIEnvironment,
etag: str | None = None,
data: bytes | None = None,
last_modified: datetime | str | None = None,
ignore_if_range: bool = True,
) -> bool:
"""Convenience method for conditional requests.
:param environ: the WSGI environment of the request to be checked.
:param etag: the etag for the response for comparison.
:param data: or alternatively the data of the response to automatically
generate an etag using :func:`generate_etag`.
:param last_modified: an optional date of the last modification.
:param ignore_if_range: If `False`, `If-Range` header will be taken into
account.
:return: `True` if the resource was modified, otherwise `False`.
.. versionchanged:: 2.0
SHA-1 is used to generate an etag value for the data. MD5 may
not be available in some environments.
.. versionchanged:: 1.0.0
The check is run for methods other than ``GET`` and ``HEAD``.
"""
return _sansio_http.is_resource_modified(
http_range=environ.get("HTTP_RANGE"),
http_if_range=environ.get("HTTP_IF_RANGE"),
http_if_modified_since=environ.get("HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE"),
http_if_none_match=environ.get("HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH"),
http_if_match=environ.get("HTTP_IF_MATCH"),
etag=etag,
data=data,
last_modified=last_modified,
ignore_if_range=ignore_if_range,
)
def remove_entity_headers(
headers: ds.Headers | list[tuple[str, str]],
allowed: t.Iterable[str] = ("expires", "content-location"),
) -> None:
"""Remove all entity headers from a list or :class:`Headers` object. This
operation works in-place. `Expires` and `Content-Location` headers are
by default not removed. The reason for this is :rfc:`2616` section
10.3.5 which specifies some entity headers that should be sent.
.. versionchanged:: 0.5
added `allowed` parameter.
:param headers: a list or :class:`Headers` object.
:param allowed: a list of headers that should still be allowed even though
they are entity headers.
"""
allowed = {x.lower() for x in allowed}
headers[:] = [
(key, value)
for key, value in headers
if not is_entity_header(key) or key.lower() in allowed
]
def remove_hop_by_hop_headers(headers: ds.Headers | list[tuple[str, str]]) -> None:
"""Remove all HTTP/1.1 "Hop-by-Hop" headers from a list or
:class:`Headers` object. This operation works in-place.
.. versionadded:: 0.5
:param headers: a list or :class:`Headers` object.
"""
headers[:] = [
(key, value) for key, value in headers if not is_hop_by_hop_header(key)
]
def is_entity_header(header: str) -> bool:
"""Check if a header is an entity header.
.. versionadded:: 0.5
:param header: the header to test.
:return: `True` if it's an entity header, `False` otherwise.
"""
return header.lower() in _entity_headers
def is_hop_by_hop_header(header: str) -> bool:
"""Check if a header is an HTTP/1.1 "Hop-by-Hop" header.
.. versionadded:: 0.5
:param header: the header to test.
:return: `True` if it's an HTTP/1.1 "Hop-by-Hop" header, `False` otherwise.
"""
return header.lower() in _hop_by_hop_headers
def parse_cookie(
header: WSGIEnvironment | str | None,
charset: str | None = None,
errors: str | None = None,
cls: type[ds.MultiDict] | None = None,
) -> ds.MultiDict[str, str]:
"""Parse a cookie from a string or WSGI environ.
The same key can be provided multiple times, the values are stored
in-order. The default :class:`MultiDict` will have the first value
first, and all values can be retrieved with
:meth:`MultiDict.getlist`.
:param header: The cookie header as a string, or a WSGI environ dict
with a ``HTTP_COOKIE`` key.
:param cls: A dict-like class to store the parsed cookies in.
Defaults to :class:`MultiDict`.
.. versionchanged:: 2.3
Passing bytes, and the ``charset`` and ``errors`` parameters, are deprecated and
will be removed in Werkzeug 3.0.
.. versionchanged:: 1.0
Returns a :class:`MultiDict` instead of a ``TypeConversionDict``.
.. versionchanged:: 0.5
Returns a :class:`TypeConversionDict` instead of a regular dict. The ``cls``
parameter was added.
"""
if isinstance(header, dict):
cookie = header.get("HTTP_COOKIE")
elif isinstance(header, bytes):
warnings.warn(
"Passing bytes is deprecated and will not be supported in Werkzeug 3.0.",
DeprecationWarning,
stacklevel=2,
)
cookie = header.decode()
else:
cookie = header
if cookie:
cookie = cookie.encode("latin1").decode()
return _sansio_http.parse_cookie(
cookie=cookie, charset=charset, errors=errors, cls=cls
)
_cookie_no_quote_re = re.compile(r"[\w!#$%&'()*+\-./:<=>?@\[\]^`{|}~]*", re.A)
_cookie_slash_re = re.compile(rb"[\x00-\x19\",;\\\x7f-\xff]", re.A)
_cookie_slash_map = {b'"': b'\\"', b"\\": b"\\\\"}
_cookie_slash_map.update(
(v.to_bytes(1, "big"), b"\\%03o" % v)
for v in [*range(0x20), *b",;", *range(0x7F, 256)]
)
def dump_cookie(
key: str,
value: str = "",
max_age: timedelta | int | None = None,
expires: str | datetime | int | float | None = None,
path: str | None = "/",
domain: str | None = None,
secure: bool = False,
httponly: bool = False,
charset: str | None = None,
sync_expires: bool = True,
max_size: int = 4093,
samesite: str | None = None,
) -> str:
"""Create a Set-Cookie header without the ``Set-Cookie`` prefix.
The return value is usually restricted to ascii as the vast majority
of values are properly escaped, but that is no guarantee. It's
tunneled through latin1 as required by :pep:`3333`.
The return value is not ASCII safe if the key contains unicode
characters. This is technically against the specification but
happens in the wild. It's strongly recommended to not use
non-ASCII values for the keys.
:param max_age: should be a number of seconds, or `None` (default) if
the cookie should last only as long as the client's
browser session. Additionally `timedelta` objects
are accepted, too.
:param expires: should be a `datetime` object or unix timestamp.
:param path: limits the cookie to a given path, per default it will
span the whole domain.
:param domain: Use this if you want to set a cross-domain cookie. For
example, ``domain=".example.com"`` will set a cookie
that is readable by the domain ``www.example.com``,
``foo.example.com`` etc. Otherwise, a cookie will only
be readable by the domain that set it.
:param secure: The cookie will only be available via HTTPS
:param httponly: disallow JavaScript to access the cookie. This is an
extension to the cookie standard and probably not
supported by all browsers.
:param charset: the encoding for string values.
:param sync_expires: automatically set expires if max_age is defined
but expires not.
:param max_size: Warn if the final header value exceeds this size. The
default, 4093, should be safely `supported by most browsers
<cookie_>`_. Set to 0 to disable this check.
:param samesite: Limits the scope of the cookie such that it will
only be attached to requests if those requests are same-site.
.. _`cookie`: http://browsercookielimits.squawky.net/
.. versionchanged:: 2.3.3
The ``path`` parameter is ``/`` by default.
.. versionchanged:: 2.3.1
The value allows more characters without quoting.
.. versionchanged:: 2.3
``localhost`` and other names without a dot are allowed for the domain. A
leading dot is ignored.
.. versionchanged:: 2.3
The ``path`` parameter is ``None`` by default.
.. versionchanged:: 2.3
Passing bytes, and the ``charset`` parameter, are deprecated and will be removed
in Werkzeug 3.0.
.. versionchanged:: 1.0.0
The string ``'None'`` is accepted for ``samesite``.
"""
if charset is not None:
warnings.warn(
"The 'charset' parameter is deprecated and will be removed"
" in Werkzeug 3.0.",
DeprecationWarning,
stacklevel=2,
)
else:
charset = "utf-8"
if isinstance(key, bytes):
warnings.warn(
"The 'key' parameter must be a string. Bytes are deprecated"
" and will not be supported in Werkzeug 3.0.",
DeprecationWarning,
stacklevel=2,
)
key = key.decode()
if isinstance(value, bytes):
warnings.warn(
"The 'value' parameter must be a string. Bytes are"
" deprecated and will not be supported in Werkzeug 3.0.",
DeprecationWarning,
stacklevel=2,
)
value = value.decode()
if path is not None:
# safe = https://url.spec.whatwg.org/#url-path-segment-string
# as well as percent for things that are already quoted
# excluding semicolon since it's part of the header syntax
path = quote(path, safe="%!$&'()*+,/:=@", encoding=charset)
if domain:
domain = domain.partition(":")[0].lstrip(".").encode("idna").decode("ascii")
if isinstance(max_age, timedelta):
max_age = int(max_age.total_seconds())
if expires is not None:
if not isinstance(expires, str):
expires = http_date(expires)
elif max_age is not None and sync_expires:
expires = http_date(datetime.now(tz=timezone.utc).timestamp() + max_age)
if samesite is not None:
samesite = samesite.title()
if samesite not in {"Strict", "Lax", "None"}:
raise ValueError("SameSite must be 'Strict', 'Lax', or 'None'.")
# Quote value if it contains characters not allowed by RFC 6265. Slash-escape with
# three octal digits, which matches http.cookies, although the RFC suggests base64.
if not _cookie_no_quote_re.fullmatch(value):
# Work with bytes here, since a UTF-8 character could be multiple bytes.
value = _cookie_slash_re.sub(
lambda m: _cookie_slash_map[m.group()], value.encode(charset)
).decode("ascii")
value = f'"{value}"'
# Send a non-ASCII key as mojibake. Everything else should already be ASCII.
# TODO Remove encoding dance, it seems like clients accept UTF-8 keys
buf = [f"{key.encode().decode('latin1')}={value}"]
for k, v in (
("Domain", domain),
("Expires", expires),
("Max-Age", max_age),
("Secure", secure),
("HttpOnly", httponly),
("Path", path),
("SameSite", samesite),
):
if v is None or v is False:
continue
if v is True:
buf.append(k)
continue
buf.append(f"{k}={v}")
rv = "; ".join(buf)
# Warn if the final value of the cookie is larger than the limit. If the cookie is
# too large, then it may be silently ignored by the browser, which can be quite hard
# to debug.
cookie_size = len(rv)
if max_size and cookie_size > max_size:
value_size = len(value)
warnings.warn(
f"The '{key}' cookie is too large: the value was {value_size} bytes but the"
f" header required {cookie_size - value_size} extra bytes. The final size"
f" was {cookie_size} bytes but the limit is {max_size} bytes. Browsers may"
" silently ignore cookies larger than this.",
stacklevel=2,
)
return rv
def is_byte_range_valid(
start: int | None, stop: int | None, length: int | None
) -> bool:
"""Checks if a given byte content range is valid for the given length.
.. versionadded:: 0.7
"""
if (start is None) != (stop is None):
return False
elif start is None:
return length is None or length >= 0
elif length is None:
return 0 <= start < stop # type: ignore
elif start >= stop: # type: ignore
return False
return 0 <= start < length
# circular dependencies
from . import datastructures as ds
from .sansio import http as _sansio_http